ROUMAXIA. 



683 



under the direction of Bishop Aneyros, of 

 Buenos Ayres. Among the prominent Catho- 

 lics who died during the year were : Mgr. 

 Nardi (February 23d), an able editor and pub- 

 licist on the Catholic side in Italy; Brother 

 Vacile, the Superior of the Christian Brothers 

 (April 2d) ; Cecilia Bohl de Faber, a popular 

 Spanish writer known as Fernan Caballero 

 (April 3d); Mrs. E. S. Ellet, an American 

 writer (June 3d) ; Mrs. Sarah Peter, of Cin- 

 cinnati, a daughter of Governor Worthing- 

 ton, of Ohio, a lady of great zeal and benevo- 

 lence (February 6th) ; Most Rev. James R. 

 Bayley, D. D.,. Archbishop of Baltimore (Oc- 

 tober 3d) ; and Bishop de St.-Palais, of Vin- 

 cennes (June 28th). (See Biographies and 

 OBITUARIES.) 



ROUMANIA, a principality of Southeastern 

 Europe. Prince, Charles I., son of the late 

 Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ; 

 born April 20, 1839 ; elected Prince of Rou- 

 mania, May 10, 1866; married November 15, 

 1869, to Elizabeth, Princess of Wied. The 

 area is 46,799 square miles. The population 

 was, at the close of 1873, estimated at 5,073,- 

 000, of whom 2,618,136 were males, and 2,454,- 

 864 females. 



(For an account of the religious statistics, 

 movement of population, the different nation- 

 alities, the population of cities, the finances, 

 and commercial statistics, see ANNUAL CYCLO- 

 PAEDIA for 1876, page 753.) 



In 1876, the length of railroads in operation 

 was 1,233 kilometres; that of the telegraph 

 lines, 4,046, and that of the wires 7,024 kilo- 

 meters. The number of Government offices 

 was seventy-nine, and of railroad offices eighty 

 three. 



The Roumanian army was divided at the be- 

 ginning of the war, according to Rustow (" Der 

 oriontalische Krieg in seiner neuesten Phase," 

 1877), into four classes : 1. The standing army ; 

 2. The territorial army ; 3. The militia ; and 4. 

 The civic guard in the cities and the landsturm 

 in the communes. A certain contingent is an- 

 nually recruited for the standing army, which 

 in 1876 consisted of 6,000 men. The service 

 in the standing army extends from the twenty- 

 first to the twenty-ninth year, four years in 

 the active army, and four years in the reserve. 

 The standing army comprises 8 regiments of 

 infantry, each of 2 battalions, and each battal- 

 ion of 4 companies (the companies, in time 

 of war, are to consist of 5 officers and 280 

 men) ; 4 battalions of chasseurs, of 4 com- 

 panies each ; 2 regiments of c ivalry, red hus- 

 sars, of 4 field-squadrons each, a squadron 

 comprising 5 officers and 215 men; 2 regi- 

 ments of artillery, each of 7 batteries, and 

 each battery having 6 guns; 1 battalion of engi- 

 neers, of 4 companies ; 1 company of ponton- 

 niers; and, besides, train, administration, sani- 

 tary department, etc. The entire standing 

 army therefore comprises 22.000 combatants, 

 infantry and cavalry, and 84 field-guns. In the 

 torritorial army, the term of service is also 



from the 21st to the 29th year; but here six 

 years are spent in the active army and two 

 years in the reserve. In 1876, 6,600 men were 

 recruited for the infantry of the territorial 

 army, und 2,400 men for the cavalry. The in- 

 fantry and cavalry of the territorial army 

 numbers about 40,000 men. The artillery 

 comprises 7 batteries and 1 train, in all 44 

 guns. The militia consist* of all men between 

 the ages of 21 and 37 who belong neither to 

 the territorial nor the standing army, and all 

 those between the ages of 29 and 37 who have 

 served in either of these two armies. The civil 

 guard in the cities, and the landHturru in the 

 country, comprise all men between the ages of 

 37 and 45. When the troops were mobilized 

 in 1876, Prince Charles assumed the chief com- 

 mand. The army was divided into four divi- 

 sions, one cavalry reserve, and one artillery re- 

 serve. 



Considerable excitement prevailed in Rou- 

 mania at the beginning of the year, in conse- 

 quence of the articles of the new Turkish Consti- 

 tution having reference to the tributary states. 

 The designation of Roumania as a privileged 

 Turkish province, and of the Roumanians M 

 Osmanli, as is done in Articles I., VII., and 

 VIII. of the Constitution, created a storm of 

 indignation. Therefore the Chambers held se- 

 cret sessions on January 2d, in which this 

 question was discussed. The Lower Chamber 

 on the 3d held a public session, in which a 

 deputy asked the Government whether the 

 Articles I., VII., and VIII. had reference to 

 Roumania. M. Jonescu, the Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs, declared that he had made an in- 

 quiry of the Porte to that effect, and that the 

 answer had been in the affirmative. A motion 

 was subsequently made, in which the Govern- 

 ment was requested to protest energetically 

 against the Turkish action, which was unani- 

 mously adopted. The Senate on the following 

 day adopteu a resolution demanding "that the 

 ancient privileges of Roumania, recognized and 

 guaranteed by the Treaty of Paris, ho respected 

 and remain intact." Considerable opposition 

 to the ministry made itself munifest during the 

 proceedings. The protest of the Roumanian 

 agent in Constantinople, in accordance with 

 the above resolutions, was warmly seconded 

 by the representatives of Germany and Aus- 

 tria. The Turkish Minister of Foreign Affair* 

 consequently declared that he must have ! M 

 misunderstood. The territorial position of 

 Roumania alone made it impossible that it 

 should be placed in the same category with tho 

 other Turkish provinces, and (ho Porte hail 

 never thought of demanding thnt the Turkish 

 Constitution should be introduced where a con- 

 stitution had existed for many years. A min- 

 isterial crisis occurred in February, owing to 

 the disorganized state of the finance*. On 

 February 7th it took a favorable turn, M B- 

 tiano, the President of the Minirtry, MOOMd 

 ed in inducing Demetcr Sturdza, who had re- 

 signed from the cabinet a short time prortou*- 



