686 



RUSSIA. 



This figure included an internal loan of 210,000,- 

 000 rubles, issued in 1877, soon after the com- 

 mencement of the war with Turkey. Besides 

 this debt, a large amount of paper money with 

 forced currency was outstanding. The total 

 amount of bank-notes in circulation, on Janu- 

 ary 1, 1876, was 797,313,480 rubles. New is- 



sues of paper money variously estimated at 

 from 205,000,000 to 280,000,000 rubles were 

 made in 1877, during the war with Turkey. 



For an account of the Russian army and 

 navy, gee TURKEY. 



The foreign commerce of Russia, in 1874-'75, 

 was as follows (values expressed in rubles) : 



The movement of shipping in 1875 was as 

 follows : 



Of the vessels entered, 3,740 were steamers, 

 and of the number cleared, 3,698 were steam- 



ers. Among those that entered, there were 



2.475 Russian, 2,365 British, 1,653 German, 



1.476 Swedish-Norwegian, 1,896 Turkish, and 

 28 American vessels. 



The commercial navy, in 1876, was composed 

 of 1,785 sailing vessels, of 391,000 lasts, and 

 151 steamers, of 105.962 lasts. 



On January 1, 1877, there were 20,879 kilo- 

 metres of railroad in operation in Russia, in- 

 clusive of Finland, and exclusive of Caucasia. 

 In the latter country, there were 1,004 kilo- 

 metres in operation. On the same date, 2,136 

 kilometres were in course of construction. 



The number of post-offices in 1875 was 



BALAKLAVA. 



