SAFVET PASHA. 



the consent of the censorship, some of them 

 served up in covers, and displaying title-pages 

 which really belong to quite harmless publica- 

 tions in popular request. 



In March, the Government issued a decree 

 that in future all locomotive and rolling stock 



SCHURZ, CARL. 



689 



purchased by Russian railways moat be manu- 

 factured in Russia. This was a heavy blow to 

 German industry, as most of the rolling-stock 

 of Russia had formerly been furnished by Ger- 

 many. To enable the railways to obtain loco- 

 motives and carriages in Russia, the Govern- 



ment intended to allow the materials to be 

 imported duty free, and to pay premiums and 

 subsidies to Russian manufacturers. 



In consequence of the war, Russia was, dur- 

 ing 1877, the scene of great commercial disas- 

 ters. In Moscow over 40,000 laborers were 



reported without work in April, the largest 

 factories were almost all closed!, and mercantile 

 failures increased with alarming rapidity. In 

 the manufacturing districts of Poland, over 

 half of the workmen were also without work, 

 and in consequence exposed to starvation. 



S 



SAFVET PASHA, a Turkish statesman, was 

 born in 1816. He entered the service of the 

 Government, as a translator, at an early age, 

 was afterward secretary to the Sultan Abdul 

 Medjid, and then became an influential member 

 of the Imperial Council. During the Crimean 

 War he was Commissioner of the Danubian 

 Principalities; in 1858 he acted as chairman of 

 the commission which regulated the relations of 

 Moldavia and Wallachia, and from 1865 to 

 1866 was Turkish embassador in Paris. He 

 had previously been Under-Secretary of State 

 in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and after 

 his return from Paris he was successively Min- 

 ister of Commerce and Public Works, of Justice 

 and of Education, and on several occasions 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs. This position he 

 held for the last time from 1876 to 1877, and 

 in virtue of his office presided at the Confer- 

 ence of Constantinople held in December, 1876, 

 and January, 1877. The reverses of Abdul 

 VOL. xvn. 44 A 



Kerim, and the removal of the latter from the 

 chief command, caused his retirement from 

 office in July, 1877. He was succeeded by 

 A:irili Pasha. 



SCHURZ, OARL, an American statesman, 

 Secretary of the Interior. He was born at 

 Liblar, near Cologne, Prussia, March 2, 1829. 

 He was educated at the Gymnasium of Cologne 

 and the University of Bonn, which he entered 

 in 1846. At the outbreak of the revolution of 

 1848 he joined Gottfried Kinkel, Profenor of 

 Rhetoric in the university, in the publication 

 of a liberal newspaper, of which for a time he 

 was the sole conductor. In the spring of 1849, 

 in consequence of an unsuccessful attempt to 

 promote an insurrection at Bonn, ho tied with 

 Kinkel to the Palatinate, entered tho revolu- 

 tionary army as adjutant, and took part in the 

 defense of Rastadt. On the surrender of that 

 fortress, he escaped to Switzerland. In 1860 

 he returned secretly to Germany, and, with ad- 



