STOUGHTON, EDWIN W. 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 703 



Mr. Stephens has published " A Constitutional 

 View of the Late War between the States, its 

 Causes, Character, Conduct, and Results " (2 

 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1868-'70), and several 

 speeches. " Alexander H. Stephens, in Public 

 and Private," with his letters and speeches be- 

 fore, during, and since the war, by Henry 

 Cleveland, was published in 1867. 



STOUGHTON, EDWIN W., United States 

 Minister to Russia, was born in Windsor 

 County, Vt., in 1818. He removed to New 

 York in 1837, where, for many years, he has 

 been a prominent member of the bar of that 

 city. Until within a few years past he was 

 a pronounced Democrat. During the adminis- 

 tration of President Grant, he published an 

 elaborate letter in which he defended on 

 constitutional grounds the President's use of 

 the army in Louisiana. Mr. Stoughton has 

 since been an active Republican. He was one 

 of the Northern men who, at the request of 

 the President, visited New Orleans after the 

 election of 1876 to witness the action of the 

 Returning Board ; and was one of the counsel 

 who argued the Republican case before the 

 Electoral Commission. In October, 1877* he 

 was appointed Minister to Russia by President 

 Hayes, and was promptly confirmed by the 

 Senate. 



SULEIMAN PASHA, the successor of Me- 

 hemet Ali as commander-in-chief of the Turk- 

 ish forces in Bulgaria, is said to be a most un- 

 ostentatious and reserved man. His head- 

 quarters are the very reverse of the gorgeous 

 establishments one sees with many generals of 

 much less pretense than this the most success- 

 ful and favored of the Sultan's field-marshals. 

 He has received a European education, and is 

 considered intelligent and clever. After having 

 been stationed for some time in the provinces, 

 he received a call as teacher to the military 

 school in Constantinople. As such he began 

 to take part in politics, was involved in the 

 palace plot of 1876, and was rewarded with the 

 rank of Pasha. Upon the resumption of hos- 

 tilities with Montenegro in 1877, he was ap- 

 pointed to the command of the division oper- 

 ating from the north, with the orders to pro- 

 vision and relieve Nicsic. In this he was 

 completely successful. His march afterward 

 through Montenegro was not as successful. 

 He was next ordered to take command of the 

 Turkish forces in Roumelia, and here attracted 

 the attention of the world by his fierce struggle 

 for the Shipka Pass. On October 4th, he was 

 appointed to succeed Mehemet Ali as com- 

 mander-in-chief. 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY, two kingdoms 

 of Northern Europe, united under the same 

 dynasty. King, Oscar II., born January 2 

 1829 ; succeeded to the throne at the death of 

 his brother, Charles XV., September 18, 1872; 

 married, June 6, 1857, to Sophia, born July 9, 

 1836, daughter of the late Duke Wilhelm o 

 Nassau. Oldest son : Gustavus, heir-apparent, 

 Duke of Wermland, born June 16, 1868. 



SWEDEN. The executive authority is in the 

 hands of the King, who acts under the advice 

 of a ministry, formerly called the Council of 

 State. The composition of the ministry at the 

 close of 1877 was as follows: Baron L. de 

 Geer, Minister of State and of Justice, appoint- 

 ed 1875; 0. M. Bjornstjerna, appointed 1872; 

 J. H. Rosensward, Minister of War, 1877; 

 Baron F. W. von Otter, Minister of the Navy, 

 1874; C. J. Thyselius, Minister of the Interior, 

 1875; II. L. Forssell, Minister of Finance, 1875; 

 F. F. Carlson, Minister of Education and Ec- 

 clesiastical Affairs, 1875. Besides these, there 

 are three ministers without portfolio: H. G. 

 Lagerstrale, 1875; Baron C. J. O. AlstrOmer, 

 1870; and J. H. Loven, 1874. 



The following table shows the area of Swe- 

 den, inclusive of inland lakes, according to a 

 new survey by the Swedish general staff, and 

 the population on December 31, 1876: 



Of the total population, 2,151,828 wer 

 males, and 2,278,3*7 female*. In 1875, there 

 were 80,762 marriages, 140,817 births (jnolu- 

 sive of still-births), 92,798 deaths (inclusive of 

 still-births), and 4,359 still-births. In the MID* 

 year, 9,727 emigrants left the country. 



The population, according to the census of 

 1870, was 4,168,625. Of this number 4.1W,- 

 087 were Lutherans, 8,809 Baptist*. Mormon*, 

 and Methodists, 578 Roman Catholic*, 1,S 

 Jews, and 220 others. 



The population of the principal oitu* 

 Sweden, in 1870, was as follow* : 



Stockholm 



:::::: Kg 



: RK 



CarUkron*. .......... ".2W 





Cmtaur. 





The budget for 187* t a* follows (rJoe in 

 crowns, 1 crown = $0.2e|): 



