xx ARISTOCRA C Y AND E VOL UTION 



PAGE 



but nevertheless the many do impress their will on them to a great 



extent ........ 190 



The question is to -what extent ? . . . . .191 



This introduces us to a new side of the problem the extent of the 



power of the many ...... 191 



This is greater in politics than in industry ; . . . . 192 



and yet when we think it over we shall see that it is great in most 



domains of activity . . . . . 192 



We had to take it for granted at starting. We must now examine it . 193 



BOOK III 



CHAPTER I 



HOW TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN THE PARTS CONTRIBUTED TO 

 A JOINT PRODUCT BY THE FEW AND BY THE MANY 



Mill declares that when two agencies are essential to producing an 



effect, their respective contributions to it cannot be discriminated 197 



Mill argues thus with special reference to land and labour ; . 198 



but he overlooks what in actual life is the main feature of the case . 198 

 The labour remaining the same, the product varies with the quality of 



the land ........ 198 



The extra product resulting from labour on superior land is due to 



land, not labour ....... 199 



This is easily proved by a number of analogous illustrations . . 199 



Mill errs by ignoring the changing character of the effect . . 201 



The case of labour directed by different great men is the same as the 



case of labour applied to different qualities of land. The great 



men produce the increment ..... 202 



Labour, however, must be held to produce that minimum necessary to 



support the labourer, ...... 203 



both in agriculture ....... 203 



and in all kinds of production ...... 204 



The great man produces the increment that would not be produced if 



his influence ceased ...... 204 



Labour, it is true, is essential to the production of the increment also ; 205 



