xiv ARISTO CRA CY AND E VOL UTION 



PAGE 



Therefore, whenever any great man produces some change intentionally 



he has to work with unintended materials ... 99 



We can see this in the progress of dramatic art ; . . .99 



also in the progress of philosophy ..... 100 



And yet in each case the intended elements are equal or are greater 



than the unintended ...... 100 



We see the same thing in the history of the Times printing press . 101 

 It was the result of many kinds of unintended progress, constantly re- 

 combined by intention ...... 102 



Evolution, in fact, is the unintended result of the intentions of great men 104 

 The unintended or evolved element in progress is what concerns the 



speculative philosopher . . . . . .105 



The intended element, which originates directly in the great man, is 



what is of interest for practical purposes .... 106 



BOOK II 



CHAPTER I 



THE NATURE AND THE DEGREES OF THE SUPERIORITIES OF 

 GREAT MEN 



The causality of the great man being established, we must consider 



more precisely what greatness is . . . . .in 



Mr. Spencer will help us to a general definition of it . . . 112 



He divides the human race into the clever, the ordinary, and the stupid 113 

 Now if all the race were stupid, it is plain there would be no progress ; 1 14 

 nor would there be any if all the race were ordinary ; . . . 1 14 



therefore progress must be due to the clever, who are, as Mr. Spencer 



says, a " scattered few" . . . . . .115 



This is the great-man theory reasonably stated . . . . 115 



For great men are not necessarily heroes, as Carlyle thought, . 116 



nor divided absolutely from all other men . . . .116 



Greatness is various in kind and degree, . . . .117 



but, at all events, there is a certain minority of men who resemble 



each other in being more efficient than the majority . . 117 



We see this in poetry . . . . . . .118 



in singers, . . . . . . . .118 



