COXTEXTS ix 



PAGE 



Mr. Spencer starts with saying that the chief innuilimi m to social 



science is the great-msjj theory ; . . . . .25 



for, if die appearance of the great man is incalcuable, pujgiea&, if it 



rif|-wli. gn him, must be incalculabl e also ; 26 



hot if the great man B not a nnxaoioos fymitmmt M he owes his great- 

 ness to causes outside himself ; ..... 27 



and it is these causes !IM li really produce ri"* effects of which he is the 



These effects, therefore, are to be frjJatnftt by n"fa' not to the 



great man, bat to the r j T c f g tfaat are behind the great man . ; ^ 



The true camrars, says Mr. Spencer, of all x4a1 phenomena axe 



physical environment and men's natural character . . - 



The first physical cause of progress was an exceptionally iertife seal . 29 



ami an pioppftirmally Igafrrvg rHmaff ..... r: 



AH the cmfyorrmg rant's t-amp Imm frrtiig and hrarmg ryginmc . 30 



- .::,,, ..::-:; :.- : : - '-. -.. -. _: .- ,- -:- -_: -r - :.- .' ^ . : .- - 

 -".-' :-.- :':.- .: ~ :. .::.:.:- :' ::.;.":::.:-: -'.r.vr the walov mfcl it- 

 ants of the latter . . . . . . . : 



Again, division of labour, on which industrial progress depends, was 

 caused by difference in the products of diSerent localitie 



which led to the localisation of industries .. 



The localisation of industries in its torn led to road-"'^"^ ; 



and "aU maA pnsoMi* th^iimtraKgari 



of ideas ........ 33 



Utrtj a< tn null's maltmral -haraf^<^- J wh^ii ic tltf ttfkrr ^-any rf |ngiNjk, 33 



their primniwe character did not fit them to progress, ... 34 

 tin it was gradually improved by the evolution of marriage and the 



family especially of monogamy ..... 34 



Monogamy represents die survival of the fittest kind of seroal union . 35 



Tt A-CTJnpgJ hi *Krf*ifmvt ami fh^ p^Mtky qf fKfifalt on-rvpfTarinin . 35 



The family being j-gtahKA**^ the nation gradnalh/ rose from it . 36 



One fumryincreased, and gave rise to many iamilies, which were obliged, 



m order to get food, to separate into different groups ; . ~ 



and die recomponnding of these groups, for purposes of defence or 



aggression, formed the nation : . . . . -30 



all gnngfi iiim-nt frfmg in ifrc 5^ii TnTlitary .... 5" 



But as the arts of fife progress, industry emancipates itself from 

 governmental control, and becomes its own master, and also forms 

 the basis of political democracy ..... 37 



