HUMAN NATURE AND SOCIAL PROGRESS 33 

 seem wholly different. He proceeds to show us that Book l 



,. - , , r .. . Chapter 2 



though increased production of commodities was the 



chief direct result of the localisation of industries, The locaii- 



. , i , r . sation of indus- 



certain by-products resulted from it also, whose tries in its 



effects were not less important. These by-products 

 were roads. In the localisation of industries, he 

 says, we have the true origin of road-making. The 

 fact of industries being widely separated in place, 

 required a constant interchange of the various sorts 

 of goods ; and the carriage of these goods to and fro 

 between the same points first produced tracks, such 

 as those made by animals, then paths, and at last 

 regular roads. But to facilitate the movement and 

 interchange of goods is not the only, or the highest, 

 though it may be the first, function of roads. Roads 

 facilitate two things of a yet more interesting and roads 

 character the movement of ideas and the central- [he Central- 

 isation of authority. They form, in fact, the great ^0"^ and 

 physical basis of civilised human government, and |^ change of 

 of the development of the human intellect. 



These examples of Mr. Spencer's conclusions Next, as to 

 will be sufficient to show how he studies the pheno- character, 



which is the 



mena of social progress in so far as they are the J^ C a use ' 

 result of what he calls "the external factors" 

 climate, locality, and the character of the other races 

 with which each race that is studied happens to have 

 been brought in contact. Let us now turn to what he 

 calls the " internal factors," and consider the pheno- 

 mena of progress which he explains by reference to 

 these. He helps us here by providing us with a 

 summary of his own, in which he calls the attention 



3 



of 



