E VOL UTION OF MARRIA GE 3 5 



and promiscuity ; the higher family affections as Book i 

 developed by the monogamous family ; and govern- 

 mental and social organisation as developed in two 

 ways by the conduct essential to war and the 

 conduct essential to industry. His conclusions, so 

 far as possible, shall be given in his own words. 



To begin with marriage : in the earlier stages of Monogamy 

 society nothing resembling it existed. The nearest 

 approach to a family was the mother and such 

 children as could be kept alive without the help 

 of the father ; and as the children grew up, this 

 rudimentary group dissolved. But "from families 

 thus small and incoherent" there naturally and 

 inevitably arose, in accordance with the tendency to 

 variation by which the human units are characterised, 

 and which is the basis of all evolutionary selection, 

 "families of divergent types" families founded on 

 unions of which some were more lasting than 

 others, of which some were unions between one 

 mother and many fathers, some between one father 

 and many mothers, and some between one father 

 and one mother. This last-named type of union, and it developed 

 the family life resulting from it, had many practical 

 advantages, such as the production of closer bonds 

 between the several members of the family, and 

 consequently the practice between them of more 

 efficient co-operation. Accordingly, no sooner did 

 monogamous groups appear than they exhibited a 

 tendency to survive in the social struggle for 

 existence ; and monogamy affords, with the affec- 

 tions that have grown up under its shelter, the type 



