40 ARISTO CRA CY AND E VOL UTION 



Book i the units of which are regarded as being virtually so 

 similar, that what is true of one is virtually true of 

 all. This similarity certainly is not imputed to all 

 mankind. Men are recognised as having been 

 different in one epoch from what they become in 

 another, and one race and the inhabitants of one 

 climate as being different from other men differently 

 born and circumstanced. The primitive millions 

 who could hardly walk upright, and whose sexual 

 The only relations resembled those of the animals, are 



differences .. i 1 r i 



recognised by distinguished from their erect successors who 



men are"* married and lived in families ; and the strong and 



teTween'one energetic races are distinguished from their weaker 



homogeneous contemporaries. But each of these aggregates is 



aggregate and * . , 



another, regarded as a unit in itself. The conquering race 

 which has grown vigorous in dry regions, and the 

 inferior race enslaved by it, which has lost its 

 strength in moist regions, are contrasted sharply 

 with each other ; but neither is made the subject of 

 any internal division, nor treated as though the 

 units composing it were not virtually similar. Mr. 

 Spencer of course admits (for this is one of the 

 fundamental parts of his philosophy) that these 

 wholes, these aggregates, progress through a 

 constant differentiation of their parts, different 

 functions being performed by an increasing number 

 of groups ; but the units who compose these groups, 

 and whom he calls the "internal factors" are 

 regarded by him as being congenitally each a 

 counterpart of the others ; and their different 

 functions and their different acquired aptitudes are 



