no account. 



44 AR2STO CRA CY AND E VOL UTION 



Book i drawn from a small privileged class, and not from the 

 masses of the community, sinking to the general 

 level again when their tenure of office terminates ? 

 Such are the questions proposed by one party ; 

 whilst the other party replies by contending that the 

 l-ncer-s** limited class in question can alone supply governors 

 sociology takes of the required talents and character. Of this clash 

 of opinions and interests, which is as old as civil- 

 isation itself, though in each age it assumes some 

 different form, Mr. Spencer's social science neces- 

 sarily takes no cognisance, because the parts of each 

 social aggregate have for him no separate existence. 

 The same criticism applies to his treatment of 

 economic production. He explains, as we have 

 seen, the origin of the division of labour, showing 

 how " unlikeness between the products of different 

 districts " inevitably led to " the localisation of 

 industries" turning one set of savages to use his 

 own example into potters, another into makers of 

 baskets. But here again we have a truth which, 

 whatever its speculative interest, has no bearing on 

 any practical problem ; for no one denies that 

 division of labour is necessary, nor do any of the 

 difficulties of to-day turn upon its remote origin. 

 Socialists and individualists are alike ready to admit 

 that different men must follow different industries. 

 The point at issue is why, within the limits of the 

 same industry, different men pursue it on different 

 levels, some being masters and capitalists, some 

 being labourers and subordinates. Here, just as 

 in the sphere of political and military government, 



