5 8 ARISTO CRACY AND E VOL UTION 



Book i " A primitive society" if it is to become powerful 



in war this Mr. Spencer admits must have a 



But how does great leader to direct it. But what precisely is it 



fuffifhls 1 ' 1 that such a leader is and does ? Such a leader leads, 



warT^By 1 because he is one mind or personality impressing for 



ordering t h e moment its superior qualities on many minds or 



personalities. He supplies the fighting men of his 



society with an intelligence not their own often 



with a courage, a presence of mind, and a resolution. 



He dictates to them the directions in which their 



feet are to carry them ; the manner in which they 



are to group themselves ; the movements of their 



hands and arms. He gives the word, and a 



thousand men dig trenches. He gives the word 



again, and a thousand men wield swords ; now he 



makes them advance ; now he makes them halt ; 



and the measure of his greatness as a leader is to be 



found in those results which, by directing the action 



of all these men, he elicits from it. 



And now from the triumphs of war let us turn 

 to those of peace. " These" says Mr. Spencer, 

 ' ' unlike the former, make their appearance un- 

 obtrusively, without the aid of any king or legis- 

 lator." It may, no doubt, be true that they do 

 appear unobtrusively in the sense that they are not 

 accompanied by trumpets and drums and tom-toms. 

 A factory for the production of toffee, or of trimmings 

 for ladies' petticoats does not require an Ivan the 

 Terrible to direct it, nor are Mr. Spencer's sentences 

 as he writes them punctuated by discharges of 

 artillery. But if the essence of kingship and leader- 



