INTENDED PROGRESS AND UNINTENDED 99 



a religious teacher, a large part of his achievement Book i 

 consists in his manipulation and refashioning of 

 results of past human action, which can be set down Therefore, 

 to the credit, or ascribed to the intentions of no 

 individual, and no body of individuals. The society 

 of the past intended these no more than the great tentionall y he 



1 f has to work 



men of the past. They are results, that is to say, with unin- 

 which come all under the heading of the unintended, materials. 

 But when we consider the great man's achievement 

 thus, we shall not only witness the grouping of many 

 of the factors essential to it into one heterogeneous 

 but logically coherent class, as the unintended. 

 When such a grouping has taken place, we shall see 

 that there remains behind an equally coherent and 

 equally striking residuum namely, the social results 

 and conditions that have been obviously and 

 notoriously intended. These may not be found 

 existing apart from the former ; but though in con- 

 junction or combination with them, they will be 

 visible as a distinct and separate element, and their 

 true importance as a factor in social progress will 

 begin to be apparent to the mind the moment their 

 specific peculiarity, as just described, is apprehended. 



Let us take a few examples which, owing to their w e can see 

 magnitude and familiarity, will be at once intelligible, progress of 

 Our first shall be taken from the histories of art and dramatic art : 

 of speculative philosophy. I n each of these domains 

 of human activity and achievement we find those 

 phenomena of development to which it is now 

 customary to apply the name of evolution. Thus 

 we hear of the evolution of philosophy from the 



