1 5 4 ARISTOCRA C Y AND E VOL UTION 



Book ii influence aims at eliciting. The social activities on 

 which progress depends, though they may be sub- 

 divided indefinitely, are reducible to five kinds- 

 intellectual, religious, military, economic, and politi- 

 cal ; and with regard to the two first, the influence 

 of the great man exerts itself to determine what 

 others shall believe and think ; with regard to 

 the three last, it exerts itself to determine what 

 others shall do. 

 in some they Now out of these five domains of activity the 



are too obvious , r i H 11 i 



to need dis- three nrst namely, the intellectual, the religious, 

 and the military are such that the means by 

 which the great man makes his influence felt in 

 them hardly require discussion. In the first place, 

 they are obvious there is no dispute about what 

 they are ; and, in the second place, the fact of their 

 being what they are has no bearing, except such as 

 is very remote, on any disputed question concerning 

 the practical organisation of society. In the in- 

 tellectual world thinkers, scholars, and men of science 

 gain their influence by discussions, for the most part 

 embodied in books,- which discussions are carried 

 on before a jury of expert critics, each man defend- 

 ing his own views against the views of those who 

 differ from him ; and the jury of experts ultimately 

 gives its verdict, to which sooner or later the com- 

 munity at large submits. The religious leader gains 

 his influence similarly. He gains it by arguments 

 and persuasions, which are felt by a band of followers 

 to touch the spirit more deeply than those of other 

 prophets. He gives to his disciples, and his 



