2o8 ARISTOCRA C Y AND E VOL UTION 



Book in with any approach to exactness will, no doubt, be 

 more difficult in some cases than others, just as is 

 the case with book-keeping in various businesses. 

 But it is enough to have shown the reader that, 

 despite Mill's contention to the contrary, the 

 calculation is one which is based on the simplest 

 Thus the great and most indisputable principles, and that not only 



man, in the . . .... , , 



most practical in a theoretical, but in the most strictly practical 

 sense, what great men produce, when they co- 



P erate w i tn average men by directing them, is 

 absence, the amount or degree in which the total result pro- 

 duced exceeds or excels that which was produced 

 by average men when unaided, and would be again 

 produced by them were the great man's aid with- 

 drawn. 



An analysis of The absolute validity of this method of argu- 

 ing as to ment and calculation will be yet more apparent 

 to tne reader when we pursue a step farther 

 truth f our ana ly s i s f reasoning generally as applied 

 to practical matters, and consider it especially 

 when it takes the form of a direct discussion 

 with regard to causes and effects. In the strictest 

 sense of the word it would plainly be quite im- 

 possible to specify fully the causes of even effects 

 of the simplest kind. The motion, for instance, of 

 a ball when a cricketer hits it, would, in any dis- 

 cussion of the game, be said to have been caused by 



is less than the workmen's wages, the employer must either alter the 

 character of his product, so as to meet the public demand, or he will 

 otherwise be crushed out of existence as an employer, and his work- 

 men will pass under the control of some more able rival. 



