FA CUL TIES AND RESULTS 2 1 3 



following propositions, which, when once they have Book in 

 been considered, will be seen to be self-evident. 

 Whatever the many contribute to the social con- This is by an 



... r . . i . , c analysis of the 



ditions or a community, either in the way oi faculties 



industrial production or of the formation of habits pr 

 and sentiments, consists of effects produced by those P roduct - 

 traits or faculties of human nature in which all 

 members of that community are approximately and 

 practically equal. Thus the fact that all men are 

 alike obliged to eat, and that all parents as a rule 

 have a preference for their own offspring, are facts Are these 

 which determine much in the conditions of all pressed by 

 societies. On the other hand the social effects few only 7 ? a 

 which are produced exclusively by the few are 

 effects produced by certain traits and faculties which, 

 though possibly possessed in a rudimentary state by 

 all men, are appreciably and efficiently developed 

 in the persons of the few only. The dramas of 

 Shakespeare, though in a sense they are eminently 

 national, could never have been produced had 

 Shakespeare possessed no gifts except such as were 

 possessed at the time by the English nation at 

 large. The discoveries of Newton, the inventions 

 of Watt and Stephenson, similarly were produced by 

 powers that were indefinitely above the average. 

 It is needless to say that they could not have been 

 produced otherwise. If we will but reflect carefully 

 on obvious truths like these, we shall see that 

 civilisations are woven out of two kinds of materials, 

 the one originating in traits common to the com- 

 munity generally, the other in traits confined to a 



