SCOPE OF THE LOFTIER MOTIVES 293 



being based exclusively on some pleasurable con- Book iv 

 dition of mind, which is independent of anybody 

 except the individual who actually experiences it ; Are the joys of 

 the two last being based on a pleasurable condition benefiting 

 of mind, which is directly dependent on the actions 



or the attitude of other people. We may therefore 

 reduce these motives to two namely, self-realisa- 

 tion, in the first place, and recognition by others, in 

 the second. This classification will be not only 

 shorter, but more comprehensive than the other ; 

 for self-realisation will include not only the joys of 

 self-improvement and artistic creation, but those of 

 the pursuit of truth and the performance of religious 

 duty, and will distinguish the pleasure of doing 

 good to others from the pleasure of being thanked 

 or praised for it. 



And now let us consider what those kinds of The de sire of 

 , . . , , . /- i i these J ovs is a 



exceptional activity are, in the production of which motive to 



one or other of these motives, or both of them, of exceptional 

 have played, hitherto, any considerable part. We conduct - 

 shall find them to be as follows : heroic conduct 

 in battle, or in the face of any exceptional danger ; 

 artistic creation ; the pursuit of speculative truth ; 

 what theologians call works of mercy ; and, lastly, 

 the propagation of religion. This list, if understood 

 in its full sense, is exhaustive. 



Now of these five kinds of action we may dismiss it is a motive 

 the last from our consideration, not because it has actioTTnd 6111 

 not a most important influence on civilisation, but rellglouswork; 

 because it has no direct connection with any of the 

 processes of wealth-production, except in so far as it 



