THE TWO SOCIAL FACTORS 373 



the few; and if these latter powers were impaired, the Book iv 

 former would be impaired also. In the domain of 

 production and the domain of government alike, not 

 all, but nearly all, the powers of a democracy pre- 

 suppose the powers of a de facto aristocracy, and 

 although they modify them, they depend upon them, but depend for 

 Here are the two factors or forces which we can f he y possess "on 

 never get rid of unless we get rid of civilisation |Jo e n c f ~ bTfew 

 altogether the force represented by the mass of 

 ordinary men, and the force represented by those 

 who in various ways are more than ordinary. Let 

 us destroy society a hundred times over, and attempt 

 to reconstruct it in what way we will, these two 

 forces will inevitably reassert themselves, and reveal 

 their existence in the form which society takes, as 

 surely as a man's figure will give its shape to what- 

 ever kind of cloak we hang on it. These two forces 

 at the present time attract our attention principally 

 by their activity in the domain of industry, where 

 they show themselves under the forms of employer 

 and employed. In order that any satisfactory solu- 

 tion of our industrial difficulties may be arrived at 

 it is necessary that employers and employed alike 

 should each recognise the importance of the part 

 played by the other, the nature and extent of the 

 other's strength, and the permanent need each has 

 of the other's strenuous co-operation. It is hardly 

 to be expected that between these two, serious dis- 

 putes and difficulties will ever completely cease. In 

 the interest of social progress it is not necessary 

 that they should. What is necessary is that what- 



