THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 



85 



The gizzard is most highly developed, and of a deep-red 

 color, in the Scratchers and flat-billed Swimmers (as Fowls 

 and Swans); but comparatively thin and feeble in Birds 

 of Prey (as the Eagle). 

 The gizzard is follow- 

 ed by the intestines, 

 which are longer than 

 those of Reptiles : the 

 small intestine begins 

 with a loop (the duo- 

 denum), and is folded 

 several times upon it- 

 self ; the large intestine 

 is short and straight, 

 terminating in the sole 

 outlet of the body, the 

 cloaca. A liver and 

 pancreas are always 

 attached to the upper 

 part of the small in- 

 testine. 



The alimentary ca- 

 nal in Mammals is 

 clearly separated into 

 four distinct cavities: 

 the pi larynx, or throat; 

 the oasophagus, or gul- 

 let ; the stomach ; and 

 the intestines. 



The pharynx is more FIG. 50. Digestive Apparatus of the Fowl: I, 



,. j i tongue: 2, pharynx: 3, 5, oesophagus; 4, crop; 



Complicated than in C, proventncnlus ; 7, gizzard ; 8, 9, 10, dnodenum ; 



"Ritvk Tt id a -frmnol 11,12, small intestine ; 13, two cseca (analogue of 



Ub. It IS a IL the co]on of mammals); 14, their insertion into 



shaDed ba " bavin " l ' ie ' ntes *' na ' tube; 15, rectum; 1C, cloaca; 17, 



& anus ; 18, mesentery ; 19, 20, left and right lobes 



Seven Openings lead- >f liv l- : 2 L gall-bladder ; 22, insertion of pan- 



. creatic and biliary ducts; 23, pancreas; 24, lung; 



ing mtO it: tWO from 25, ovary; 26, oviduct 



