THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS. 237 



compare these features of their structure with the habits 

 of these animals, and find that the first are carnivorous 

 that they seize and tear their prey ; while the others are 

 herbivorous, or grazing, animals, living only on vegetable 

 substances, which they chew and grind. We compare, 

 further, the Horse and Cow, and find that the Horse has 

 front teeth both in the upper and the lower jaw, while 

 the Cow has them only in the lower; and going still 

 further, and comparing the internal with the external 

 features, we find this arrangement of the teeth in direct 

 relation to the different structure of the stomach in the 

 two animals the Cow having a stomach with four pouch- 

 es, while the Horse has a simple stomach. Comparing 

 the Cow and Deer, we find the digestive apparatus the 

 same in both; but though both have horns, those of the 

 Cow are hollow, and last through life ; while those of the 

 Deer are solid, and are shed every year. Looking at the 

 feet, we see that the herbivorous animals are hoofed ; the 

 carnivorous, clawed. The Cow and Deer have cloven 

 feet, and are ruminants; the Horse has a single hoof, and 

 does not chew the cud. The Dog and Cat walk on the 

 tips of their fingers and toes (digitigrade) ; the Bear treads 

 on the palms and soles (plantigrade). The claws of the 

 Cat are retractile ; those of the Dog and Bear are fixed. 



In this way we determine the exact place of each ani- 

 mal. The Dog belongs to the kingdom Animalia, sub- 

 kingdom Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Carnivora, 

 family Canidce, genus Canis, species Familiaris, variety 

 Hound (it may be), and its individual name, perhaps, is 

 "Rover." The Cat differs in belonging to the family 

 Felidce, genus Felis. species Catus. The Bear belongs to 

 the family Ursidce, genus Ursus, and species Ferox, if 

 the Grizzly is meant. The Horse, Cow, and Deer belong 

 to the order Ungulata ; but the Horse is of the family 

 , genus Equus, species Cdballus ; the Cow is of 



