25 



bearing everywhere around the shoe. In this space the nail 

 holes should be punched,''' and not, as is too often the case, 

 partly in it, and partly in the seating.-f In what is 

 technically called "back holing the shoe," which means 

 completing the opening of the nail holes on the foot surface, 

 great care should be taken to make them pass straight 

 thi-ough the shoe, so as to allow the points of the nails to 

 come out low domi in the crust. The remainder of the 

 foot svuface should be carefully seated out particularly 

 around the elevated toe,| where it might otherwise press 

 inconveniently on the sole ; and I would have the seating 

 carried on to the point, where the crust and the bars meet, 

 in order that there may be no pressure in the seat of 

 corns ; and the side of each heel, nearest the frog, shoidd 

 be bevelled from the foot sui-fece towards the ground in such 

 a manner, as will leave a space for the frog without 

 diminishing the Avidth of the web on the ground surface. 



The ground surface should be perfectly flat with a fuller 

 or groove running round the outer edge just under the 

 plain surface, whereon the crust bears. § The principal use 

 of the fuller is to receive the heads of the nails, which secure 

 the shoe, and prevent theii' bending, or breaking oft'; it is 

 further useful in increasing the hold of the shoe upon the 

 ground, and with this view I always have it carried back 

 to the heels. The fuUermg iron should have both sides alike, 

 in order that the groove may be broader, and not so 

 deep as that, which is made by the narrow, one-sided tool 



* Plate 7, fig. 2. f Plate 7, fig. 1. 



X Plate 3, fig. 1. § Plate 3, fig. 2. 



E 



