ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES 293 



404. Bleeding from the Lungs. Blood that comes from 

 the lungs is bright red and frothy. There is rarely much 

 blood ; it usually follows coughing, feels warm, and has a 

 salty taste. 



Bleeding from the lungs, or pulmonary hemorrhage, 

 is a grave symptom. A doctor should be called at once. 

 The patient should be made to lie down with the head and 

 shoulders slightly raised. Perfect rest and quiet must be 

 insisted upon. Finely chopped ice may be eaten to relieve 

 thirst. Loosen the clothing, keeping the 

 shoulders well raised and the body in a 

 reclining position. 



Experiment 87. How to tie a square knot. 

 With a handkerchief, a shoe string, a roller 



i j j r j.- j. -TIG. 154- 



bandage, or cords of various sizes, practice tying 



a square knot until it can be done accurately Showin S how a S( l uare 



knot may be tied 

 and rapidly. with a cord 



A square knot l is tied by holding an end of a 



bandage or cord in each hand, and then passing the end in the right 

 hand over the one in the left and tying; the end now in the left hand 

 is passed over the one in the right and again tied (Fig. 181). 



405. Broken Bones. Parts of the body which have sus- 

 tained a break or fracture of one or more bones should be 

 handled with great care and tenderness. The most impor- 

 tant signs of a broken bone are the fact of an accident 

 having occurred of sufficient severity to break the bone, 

 pain at a certain fixed point, the inability to bend the limb 

 or move the bone in a natural position, and the grating 



1 If the student would render efficient help in accidents and emergencies, 

 to say nothing of service on many other occasions, he must learn how to 

 tie a square, or " reef," knot. This knot is secure and does not slip, as does 

 the " granny " knot. The square knot is the one used by surgeons in 

 ligating vessels and securing bandages. Unless one knows the difference, 

 the insecure " granny " knot may be substituted. 



