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(1) « Bestandestypus > ist ein sehr schlecht gewahltes Wort. Besser wohl «Associa- 

 tion » = Pflanzengesellschaft. Wird dièses Wort zur Bezeichnung einer Entwicklungsstufe 

 einer Formation gewahlt, so miisste es gegeniiber der ahgesclilossenen Pflanzengesellschaf 

 t einer Formation nàher bezeichnet werden. » (Die Berichterstatter halten an dem Austruck 

 « Bestandest3'pus » nicht fest. Ann. v. FI. u.Schr.) 



(2) « Ich bin zur Umanderung meiner friiheren Qebrauchsweise in diee neue bereit. » 



(3) « With regard to the use of the term Formation, I am in accord with the gênerai 

 propositions upon the subject, but 1 cannot agrée with the vievvs of C. E. Moss and of the 

 British Committee on the extension of the use of that term. My définition of a formation is 

 stated in paragraph S f of « Vorschliige an den Kongress ». My opinion is that the delimitaion 

 of a formation should be based primarily on habitat relations, but in many cases from our 

 very imperfect knowledge of habitats it would be impossible to create a formation on habitat, 

 for it would not be convenient to wait for this characterization of a formation upon chemic, 

 biologie and physiologie study of the habitat, for this would be to delay perhaps for many 

 years a description of the végétation of a country and the progress of phytogeography in 

 gênerai. Where the habitat relation cannot be determined without such instrumental and 

 expérimental study, then we must fall back upon growth forms (Lebensformen), for I think 

 that ail will agrée that the habitat détermines what kind of végétation will be found in 

 any particular formation. In other words a study of the végétation, as it actually exists 

 shows us that we can use the habitat methodi in many cases and the growth-form method 

 in other cases in the characterization of formations. For example: sand-dune plant forma- 

 tion (habitat); bog formation (habitat); hemlock forest (growth form) ; deciduous forest 

 formation (growth form); coniferous forest (growth form); serpentine-barren plant for- 

 mation (habitat. 1 cannot agrée with Cowles that it would be better to put many coni- 

 fers with the lithophytes and psammophytes, whilst others are certainly oxylophytes 

 andothers still promounced mesophytes. 1 believe that it would be better to speak of the 

 coniferous forest formation, because in America at least, we find Pinus rigida, P. taeda, 

 in a great many différent habitats, but we can refer to thèse différences of habitat by the 

 use of the term faciès, as l hâve done in my forthcoming book in the séries « Die Végé- 

 tation der Erde », but it has been difficult even in this book to be always consistent. Such 

 a method of denoting formations is necessary and convenient unMl the physiological ecolo- 

 gists can catch up with the phytogeographers, for unless we adopt this plan, in America at 

 any rate, the original végétation will hâve long since disappeared. The too strict adhérence 

 of the younger botanists to the excellent suggestions of Cléments and Cowles upon 

 thèse matters has deterred many from publishing studies upon American végétation made 

 upon the old Unes of a phytogeographic survey. This is to be regretted. » 



(4) « Society » ist wohl = Association, und dies wohl = Gesellschaft oder « Qenos- 

 senschaft ». Das Wort « Herde » scheint mir eher in der Tierwelt gebràuchlich ; besser 

 wàre fiir lokale Anhàufungen von Pflanzenarten «Schar» oder « Qruppe ». 



