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it follows that the temperature at which pure ice melts depends 

 on the medium in which it melts. The subject is dealt with 

 under two heads ; namely : (a) the temperature at which 

 sea-water and some other saline solutions freeze, and the 

 chemical constitution of the solid and the liquid into which 

 they are split by freezing ; and (b) the temperature at which 

 pure ice melts in sea-water and in a number of saline solutions 

 of different degrees of concentration J 33 



An important condition of success in these experiments is 

 to freeze the solutions gently. The temperature of the freezing 

 bath was usually about 2 C. below the freezing temperature 

 of the solution. 



Table I. Freezing sea-water. Analyses of Fractions. 

 Constancy of Ratio SO 3 : Cl in the original sea-water, in the 

 ice formed, and in the residual Brine 135 



Table II. Calculation of Ice formed on the basis of the 

 salinity of the original water and of the residual Brine . 136 



Table III. Agreement of weight of ice formed calculated 

 from the salinity of the solution and from the thermal ex- 

 change during freezing J 37 



Impossibility of solidifying sea- water by any cold occurring 

 in Nature. 



Melting of pure ice in sea-water and in other saline 

 solutions 138 



Demonstration that the mere density of the solution has 

 no direct connection with the lowering of its freezing-point . 142 



Experiments with concentrated solutions of hydrochloric 

 acid and sulphuric acid 143 



Demonstration that the experiments prove that the ice 

 formed by freezing sea-water and similar saline solutions is 

 pure ice and that the salt belongs to the brine . . .144 



Application of this discovery to the phenomena occurring 

 in the freezing of fresh water and other solutions of very high 

 dilution 147 



No. 4. ON STEAM AND BRINES. (From the Transactions of the 

 Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1899, Vol. XXXIX, Part III, 



No. 18.) 151 



The object of the research was to study, generally, the 

 natural history of boiling mixtures of steam and salts, ana- 

 logous to the freezing mixtures of ice and salts ; and, par- 

 ticularly, to settle the question of the temperature at which 

 steam leaves a boiling saline solution. The experiments 

 were continued so as to give the concentration and the 



