126 THE DAIRYMA]S''S MANUAL. 



A cistern lined with cement only, and finished com- 

 pletely, eight feet in diameter and ten feet deep, of the 

 form shown in the engraving on page 123, will cost about 

 forty dollars, and will hold 100 barrels. 



In arranging for the water supply for the stock a suf- 

 ficiency of water troughs should be provided, and as 

 many as will give ample opportunities for all the cows to 

 drink without molestation from the master cows of the 

 herd. Four troughs are not too many for twelve or 

 fifteen cows, and these should be scattered widely apart, 

 or be so protected that one ill-natured animal may not 

 keep guard over them all. An excellent arrangement is 

 to have an octagonal frame with a trough on each side, 

 or one trough all around it, so that every cow may have 

 a chance to get to the water. 



The water from the troughs should be carried off, to 

 avoid ice around them in the winter, and some provision 

 should be made to empty the troughs to prevent the 

 accumulation of ice at that season. Where it is practi- 

 cable, a constant flow of water in the troughs in the sum- 

 mer is desirable, and for this purpose, where there is a run- 

 ning stream, a water ram may be used, or a windmill with 

 a reservoir of sufficient capacity to supply all the require- 

 ments both of the cattle and the dairy work. 



The newly-introduced rustless iron pipe is a great con- 

 venience. Lead pipe is exceedingly objectionable on 

 account of the danger of poisoning by solution of the 

 lead by the carbonic acid almost always contained in 

 water. Iron pipe rusts rapidly from the same cause, and 

 is soon useless. The rustless pipe is the plain iron pipe 

 subjected to a process by which the inner and outer sur- 

 faces are changed to magnetic oxide, which is not acted 

 upon by water, or any acids or alkalies ; not even boiling 

 nitric acid affects it. This renders the pipe practically 

 unchangeable and indestructible. A pipe which brings 

 water several hundred feet from a spring, and which has 



