WINTER DAIRYING. 413 



lated so as to be kept even and up to the point required 

 for the largest quantity and the best quality of the butter. 

 This, however, is by no means so difficult as it might 

 seem, and our experience goes to show that it is not so 

 troublesome or costly as to keep an even temperature 

 through the summer, and avoid all those interferences of 

 the weather which affect the cows, the milk, the cream, 

 and the churning in the hot season. Fuel is cheaper 

 than ice, and by proper construction and management of 

 the dairy -house very little fuel is required, in some cases 

 none. There are two methods of constructing and ar- 

 rangi^ig milk-houses, and we have used both with very 

 satisfactory results. In one case a permanent spring is 

 required, and one which does not freeze, but will main- 

 tain a regular temperature of forty-five degrees. This is 

 brought in pipes laid three feet below the surface, with 

 a cistern or vat sunk in the ground and lined with ce- 

 ment or brick. A tank of this kind in the author's dairy 

 was lined with white bricks, and floored with white 

 quartz pebbles upon which the deep pails stood in eigh- 

 teen inches of water always flowing in at the bottom and 

 out at the top. The w^ater came from a bubbling spring 

 in the ground, and never varied more than five degrees 

 the year round. A house with double walls was built 

 over the spring, and had three apartments — one for the 

 tank, one for churning and washing utensils in, and an 

 upper one for storing pails, wrappers, etc. The top of 

 the tank was raised four inches above the level of the 

 cemented floor, and was covered in by two falling doors, 

 so that in the severest weather the temperature in the 

 tank did not vary one degree. The furniture in this 

 room consisted solely of a low bench for skimming the 

 pails upon, a rug to preserve the feet from the coldness 

 of the floor, and an oaken table for the butter until it 

 was finished and for the pails until they were shipped. 

 The other apartment had a pump connected with the 



