36 ELEMENTS OF DAIRY TYPE 



rating the constitution of the dairy cow, therefore, the resistance 

 to the heart must be taken into consideration fully as much as 

 the pumping power of the heart itself. 



Mammary Development. — Xot infrequently animals are 

 met which have capacity in moderate degree, and certain con- 

 stitution, and still do not yield milk as abundantly as we might 

 think they should. Such animals are usually deficient in the 

 mammary glands, something over which man as yet has little 

 control. The economical dairy cow will possess an udder with 

 connective tissue elastic and flexible. The good udder will milk 

 out and become very flabby. The udder which is so meaty 

 that it will hold its form after all the milk has been withdrawn 

 is seldom found on a good dairy cow. Accompanying the well- 

 developed udder are found large, crooked, elastic veins running 

 forward from the udder to two or more points near the region 

 of the heart. These so-called " milk veins " are filled with 

 blood which has finished its work in and about the mammary 

 glands, and we reason that if a large vein is needed to carry the 

 blood which has been used in the gland, that the gland itself must 

 be reasonably active. Certain it is that the most powerful dairy 

 producers show veining in a marked degree, not only on the 

 abdomen, but on the side of the udder as well (Fig. 19). The 

 mammary system then furnishes an expression of dairy ability 

 which must be considered along with the matter of capacity, 

 temperament and constitution. 



Femininity. — The yielding of milk is pre-eminently a func- 

 tion of the female. To be a good cow she must have the facial 

 expression of a female, rather than a male. The bold mas- 

 culine expression is seldom found upon a good dairy cow. 



The triple wedge is an expression used formerly more than 

 at the present time to designate the conformation or the type of 

 dairy cow found to be the most efficient. Looking at the cow 

 from her side, taking the nose as the thin edge of the wedge, we 

 notice that the lines of the body draw continually farther and 

 farther apart until upon reaching the region of the udder the 

 lines are fully fifty per cent farther apart than at the chest, thus 

 forming the shape of a wedge. The second wedge form would 



