Of Cyperaceae, the following are to be found: 



Cyperus pennatus 



Cyperus phleoides 



Fimbristylis pycnocephala* 



Carex Sandwicensis var. (Makaiwa and Nahiku beach, Maui) 

 Gramineae 



Sporobulus Virginicus, etc. 



The Cordia subcordata (Kou), which has followed the Malayan race in its 

 migration, was once much more common than now. Only a few trees can be 

 found along the shores, and those mainly on the less frequently visited islands, 

 in out-of-the-way places. Whether the presence of this tree can be attributed 

 to the ocean currents or to the agency of man can not definitely be determined, 

 though presumably to the latter. The Coconut, of course, needs hardly to be 

 mentioned, though it is not present in such extensive groves as in the South Sea 

 Islands or Central America. (See plate III.) 



Of Cryptogams, mention may be made of the Opliioglossum vulgatum, which 

 springs up on our shores after heavy rains. 



Between the beach formation and lowland zone occur lagoons on some of 

 the islands, which are usually stocked with Sesuvium Portulacastrum, very 

 common in company with Cijperus pennatus, C. laevigatus and Mesembrian- 

 thenium of recent introduction. In the ponds themselves, Lemna minor and 

 Wolfia columbiana are very common, besides Nelumbium speciosum, Sagittaria 

 sagittifolia and the cryptogamous Marsilia villosa, Scirpus maritimus, and 

 8. lacustris. Cyperus umbettiferus, having escaped from cultivation, is found 

 occasionally in patches. The Chenopodiums are numerous, nearly always in 

 company with Portulaca oleracea and Cenchrus echinatus. 



THE LOWLAND ZONE. 



Most of the plants mentioned in the strand formation can be found in the 

 lowland zone, though, of course, several species of plants are peculiar to the 

 lowland zone. This formation is usually open grassland on the leeward sides of 

 the islands when spared by lava flows, and has lately been taken up with Pro- 

 sopis j uli flora (Algaroba) and Acacia farnesiana (Kin). Of the native vege- 

 tation belonging to this zone, Andropogon contort us (Pili grass) and Panicum 

 torridum (Kakonakona) are the most common. In these fields Opuntia tuna 

 occurs frequently with numerous aliens of many countries, of which the most 

 obnoxious is Lantana camara (Lantana), which, however, ascends to an elevation 

 of sometimes 3000 feet and even higher. 



Of other native plants, Sida falla.c and 8. cordifolia (Ilima) are the most 

 common, with Waltheria Americana and a few species of Lipochaeta and per- 

 haps a species of Haplostachys, which is peculiar to the dry, open, grassy dis- 

 tricts. Thephrosia piscatoria is not uncommon. Passiflora triloba and P. foe- 

 tida have become terrible pests in certain parts of the islands, covering large 



