as well as the windward side, on dry, arid lav$ flows, in deep ravines, along dry 

 stream beds, in exceedingly dense rain forests, but never going higher than 2200 

 feet, and sometimes rarely that. 



Its associates are, however, not always the same, nor are they confined to the 

 same region. With it in the dry as well as semi-wet districts is to be found the 

 rubiaceous Plectronia odorata, usually a shrub or often a small tree. In the 

 valleys back of Honolulu, Oahu, as well as in the valleys of Molokai or other 

 islands (see plate V), it is associated with the Acacia Koa (Koa), which de- 

 scends on Oahu as low as 600 feet, the Pandanus odoratissimus (Puliala), Jam- 

 bosa malaccensis, and Elaeocarpus bifidus (Kalia), which, however, is not ex- 

 actly a tree of the lower forest region, as it forms the largest part of the middle 

 forest region on the island of Kauai, from 3000 to perhaps 4000 feet elevation. 

 The rubiaceous trees, Straussia Kaduana, S. Mariniana, Gardenia Eemyi, Bobea 

 elatior, and on Oahu, especially on the western range, Santalum ellipticum, are 

 found in its company at an elevation of perhaps 800 to 1000 feet. The quite 

 numerous Metrosideros polymorplia, in its various forms, grows also in this 

 region, but is not confined to it, as it can be found from sea level to an elevation 

 of 9000 feet, and even higher. The nyctaginaceous Pisonia umbellifera (Papala 

 he pan) is one of the typical trees of this region, together with the urticaceous 

 genera Pipturus, Boehmeria, and Touchardia, but rarely TJrera. The malvaceous 

 Hibiscus tiliaceus (Hau), and also the native white Hibiscus, species Arnotti- 

 anus, a medium-sized tree, may be found in this region, as well as the anacard- 

 iaceous Rkus semialata var. Sandwicensis (Neneleau). The latter, however, 

 forms groves by itself. 



A form of Maba Sandwicensis with narrow leaves may also come into this 

 region. The tree is especially common back of Hilo along the road leading to 

 Olaa. Of shrubs, the pretty white flowered goodeniaceous Scaevola Ckamis- 

 soniana (Naupaka kuahiwi) is very gregarious with Wikstroemia; the latter 

 genus is not confined to this region. Next to the Kukui, but not quite so con- 

 spicuous from a distance on account of its much smaller size, is the monocotyle- 

 donous plant, Cordyline terminalis, the common Ti or Ki of the natives. It 

 clothes, sometimes, the lower slopes of the valleys, on steep sides or precipices, 

 crowding out every other undershrub. 



Special mention must be made of the very strong and beautiful climber, 

 Freycinetia Arnotti, which covers the trunks of trees (mainly OJiia leliua), 

 smothering them beneath its great masses of runners with their peculiar cling 

 roots. 



In this very interesting region the first signs of Lobelioideae, a tribe of the 

 family Campanulaceae, occur, to the w r onderful development of which the writer 

 wishes to call attention. (See plate VI.) It is the largest of all other families 

 which occur in this Territory, the Hawaiian Islands. The most extreme forms 

 can be found, from two to over forty feet in height. They are represented at 

 from 800 to 2000 feet elevation by the very common Clermontia macrocarpa, 



11 



