per cent of the vegetation, is Maba sandwicensis (Lama), which fruits prolific- 

 ally during the winter months, and is associated with Erythrina monosperma 

 (Wiliwili), Eeynoldsia sandwicensis (Olie), Plectronia odorata (Walahee), here 

 a little shrub, Pandanus odoratissimus (Puliala), Aleurites moluccana (Kukui), 

 and here and there in open places by itself Capparis Sandwichiana (Maiapilo), 

 which becomes here a shrub 8 to 10 feet high with a thick stem and rambling 

 branches. Opuntia tuna has ascended from the lowlands. The country is ex- 

 tremely rocky, loose aa of ancient origin covering the ground for many feet in 

 thickness. 



The undershrub is solely composed of the troublesome Lantana camara, now 

 dead, killed by the insects introduced by Koebele, but still the country is almost 

 inaccessible, as the dead, thorny shrubs stand more than 15 feet high in certain 

 localities. It ascends to an elevation of 2000 feet, above which its place is taken 

 by the guava, Psidium guayava, which forms thick stands on forsaken kuleanas 

 or old native homesteads. 



As we ascend above 1000 feet elevation the vegetation becomes more inter- 

 esting. (See plate XVI.) Osmanthus sandwicensis and Maba sandwicensis re- 

 main still abundant, but are associated with Nototrichium sandwicense (Kului), 

 Charpentiera ovata (Papala), and Pisonia sandwicensis (Papala kepau or Aidu). 

 The euphorbiaceous trees Antidesma pulvinatum and A. platyphyllum are here 

 the most numerous, and are indeed very characteristic. They can be recognized 

 by their deeply, longitudinally furrowed, fibrous gray bark and broad, heart- 

 shaped, dark leaves. Pittosporum Hosmeri var. is also exceedingly common, 

 together with Dracaena aurea (Halapepe), Straussia sp?, Xylosma Hille- 

 brandii, an occasional Colubrina oppositifolia (Kauila), while the other native 

 Kauila (Alphitonia excelsa) is here absent and only found on lava flows of more 

 recent origin, where Ohia lehua forms almost pure stands. Rutaceous genera 

 are entirely absent, such as Pelea and Xanthoxylum, which reach such a won- 

 derful development on the lava fields of Puuwaawaa, so similar in floral aspects 

 to that of Kapua. Eeynoldsia sandwicensis, while stunted at the lower eleva- 

 tion, together with the Lama, is here a tall tree reaching a height of 40 to 50 

 feet, with trunks of two feet in diameter. 



Of shrubs, the very strong, tenacious Osteomeles anthyllidi folia forms almost 

 80 per cent. Its white rosaceous flowers are very fragrant. The wood is ex- 

 ceedingly tough and can be bent into almost any position without breaking it. 

 When growing on the slopes of the lowlands on the windward sides of the 

 islands it is a small vine, while on the dry lava fields it develops many erect 

 stems from a common root-stock, which are several inches thick and sparingly 

 branched, reaching a height of 15 to 20 feet. Plectronia odorata is again very 

 common, while the araliaceous Tetraplasandra Hawaiiensis is only sparingly 

 represented. It reaches here a height of only about 25 feet. Of Sapotaceae, 

 Sideroxylon auahiense var. is found, but is not numerous, being restricted to a 

 single locality along a little gulch at 1600 feet elevation. Santalum Freycine- 



39 



