Of Gramineae, the following may be recorded: Polypogon monspeliensis, 

 found in open places, often in pools; Isachne distichophylla, and Eragrostis 

 grandis, the latter usually at lower elevation along streams. Cyperaceae are 

 also more or less common, especially on the edges of the cliffs of Kawainui and 

 Alakahi. Mention may be made of Cladium Meyenii, Uncinia uncinata, usually 

 along streambeds and waterfalls, Cladium any usti folium, and Cy penis strigosus 

 var. insularis Kiikenth. The juncaceous Luzula hawaiiensis, resembling very 

 much a Cyperaceae, is also very common. 



THE BOG REGION. 



The bog region is usually confined to the summits of the mountains of the 

 older islands or portions of islands, with an altitude of little over 5000 feet. 



Waialeale, the summit of Kauai, at an elevation of 5280 feet, represents 

 such a bog, as well as Pun Kukui, the summit of West Maui (5788 feet) and 

 Kaala, the summit of the Kohala mountains on Hawaii (5505 feet). All these 

 three localities have many species of plants in common, but also each locality 

 has again its peculiar species. 



The summits of these mountains are nearly always throughout the year en- 

 wrapped by clouds, with the exception of a short period during which the south 

 wind prevails. The best season for visiting these wonderful places is in October 

 and the first part of November. The rainfall in these localities is enormous, bat 

 no definite record has been kept in these places, with the exception of Waialeale, 

 where the U. S. Geological Survey placed a rain gauge with the capacity of hold- 

 ing 120 inches. The writer ascended Waialeale for the second time on October 

 20, 1911. One month before the rain gauge had been emptied. On arrival at 

 the summit on the above date the rain gauge was found overflowing. 



It may, however, be remarked that these bogs, with their peculiar flora, are 

 not always confined to the summits of the mountains of an altitude of 5000 feet, 

 but can also be found in the midst of the middle forest zone at an elevation of 

 usually 4000 feet. Thus we have four bogs on Kauai besides Waialeale. The 

 biggest one is situated a few miles back of Halemanu and extends almost to the 

 edge of Wainiha gorge; this bog is known as Alakai swamp, and is about one 

 and one-half miles across. Another much smaller bog is Kauluwehi swamp, 

 situated at an elevation of 4200 feet, back of Kaholuamano on the trail to Waia- 

 kealoha waterfall; the smallest one is Lehua makanoe, "Lehua in the fog" 

 only about a mile back of Mr. F. Gay's mountain house. The next, though 

 larger than either Kauluwehi or Lehua makanoe, is the bog of Wahiawa, at a 

 much lower elevation than those previously mentioned. 



On Molokai there is only one bog worth mentioning, and that is Kawela 



swamp, back of Kamoku, not far from Pelekunu gorge. (See Plate XXIV.) 



On Maui we have besides Puu Kukui, the bog Mauna Eeke, situated above 



Honokahau gulch at an elevation of about 4100 feet. It is indeed of interest to 



note that most of the species of plants found on Puu Kukui are not peculiar to 



75 



