CONTENTS xiii 



PAGE 



human blood serum. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS CONNECTED WITH 

 DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN PRODUCTION AND STANDARDIZATION. Toxin pro- 

 duction. LO and L+ doses. Methods of determination. Production of 

 antitoxin. Standardization of antitoxin, II. S. Hygienic Laboratory 

 method. Chemical concentration of antitoxic serum. ACTIVE IMMUNIZA- 

 TION IN DIPHTHERIA WITH MIXTURES OF TOXIN AND ANTITOXON. Behr- 

 ing's work. Use of the method. Results obtained. INTRACUTANEOUS 

 METHOD OF DETERMINING TOXIN AND ANTITOXIN VALUES. Principles of 

 the method. Uses. Application of the method to the determination of anti- 

 toxin in human beings. TETANUS ANTITOXIN AND ITS STANDARDIZA- 

 TION. Determination of the unit. ANTITOXIN AGAINST SNAKE POISON. 

 Calmette 's work. Differences between cobra and rattlesnake poison. 

 Production of antiserum. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION ix DISEASES CAUSED 

 BY BACTERIA WHICH Do NOT FORM SOLUBLE TOXINS. General considera- 

 tion of principles involved. Difficulties. Serum treatment of epidemic 

 meningitis. Work of Kolle and Wassermann. Experiments of Joch- 

 mann. Flexner and Jobling 's experiments. Results. Present methods. 

 Streptococcus antiserum. Differences between various races of strepto- 

 cocci. Marmorek 's serum. Work of Aronson, Tavel, Van de Velde and 

 others. Probable manner of action. Serum treatment in pneumonia. 

 Neuf eld 's work. Recent experiments and methods of Cole. Serum treat- 

 ment of typhoid fever. Earlier experiments. Attempts to produce anti- 

 endotoxin. Principles involved. Immunization with trypsin digested 

 bacteria. Immunization with sensitized bacteria. Prospects of success. 

 Serum treatment of plague. Yersin's attempts. Kolle and Martini's 

 serum. Work of British Plague Commission. Lustig's serum. General 

 results obtained. FACTS CONCERNING ACTIVE PROPHYLACTIC IMMUNIZA- 

 TION IN MAN. General principles. Typhoid and Paratyphoid vaccina- 

 tion. Earlier history. Work of Wright, Kolle, and others. Russell's 

 report of vaccination in the United States army. Statistics. Work of 

 Metchnikoff and Besredka. Therapeutic vaccine treatment in typhoid 

 fever. Prophylactic immunization against cholera. Methods. Results. 

 Plague vaccination. Difficulties. Methods. Results. Smallpox vaccina- 

 tion. Rabies. Principles and methods of application. INFECTION AND 

 IMMUNITY IN POLIOMYELITIS. Epidemiology. Relation to Animals. 

 IMMUNITY IN SYPHILIS. Superinfection. Transmission to Animals. 

 Infection without Disease. INFLUENCE OF INJECTIONS OF NON-SPECIFIC 

 SUBSTANCES UPON INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 



CHAPTER XX. SERUM ENZYMES. LEUKOCYTIC ENZYMES. ABDERHALDEN 

 REACTION. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES IN SERUM REACTION. MEIO- 

 STAGMIN AND EPIPHANIN REACTIONS. COLLOIDAL GOLD REACTION. 523 



CHAPTER XXI. COLLOIDS, by Professor Stewart W. Young, Stanford Uni- 

 versity, California . . . . ... . . . 543 



Introduction. Definition. Reversible and irreversible colloids. Sta- 

 bility of colloidal systems. Physical properties of colloids. Form and 

 size. Osmotic pressure. Rate of settlement. Brownian movement. 

 Electrical properties of colloids. Surface tension. Chemical properties 

 of colloids. Flocculation of colloids by electrolytes. Salts and acid 

 electrolytes. Influence of concentration. Difference in sensitiveness to 

 electrolytes. Explanation of phenomenon. The "zone-phenomenon." 

 Mutual reactions of colloids. Mutual flocculation. Protective action. 

 Theories of interaction. The preparation of colloid solutions. Applica- 

 tions to biology. Living tissues as colloids. Agglutination of bacteria. 

 Analogy to colloid phenomenon. Electrical charge Carried by bacteria. 

 Sensitiveness to light. Danysz phenomena. Conclusions. 



