THERAPEUTIC IMMUNIZATION IN MAN 489 



ing during spontaneous infection can be disposed of before a foot- 

 hold in the body is gained. 



Tamancheff later used Haffkine's method, but killed the cultures 

 by the addition of a 0.5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid. 



Kolle 91 later recommended the injection of dead cholera or- 

 ganisms, maintaining that a single injection of about 2 milligrams 

 of a culture killed by exposure to 50 C. for a few minutes, and 

 by the addLl.n of 0.5 per cent, of phenol, is sufficient to immunize 

 successfully. Good results with Kolle's method have been reported 

 from Japan. 



Strong, 92 also proceeding from the idea that the immunizing 

 antigen is present, as such, within the cell body of the cholera 

 spirilla, recommends the injection of autolytic products obtained by 

 digesting cholera spirilla in aqueous suspension and filtering. He 

 prepared his "prophylactic" by growing the organisms upon agar, 

 then suspending the growth in sterile water and keeping it at 60 C. 

 for from one to twenty-four hours. The mixture was then exposed 

 to 37 C. for from two to five days and filtered through Reichel 

 filters. One to 5 c. c. of this was used in his experiments upon 

 human beings. 



PKOPHYLACTIC IMMUNIZATION AGAINST PLAGUE 



The first attempts to immunize human beings prophylactically 

 against plague were those of Haffkine. 93 The first vaccinations were 

 carried out with broth cultures killed at 65 C. He tested out his 

 vaccines on a large scale in Bombay, and obtained apparently prom- 

 ising results. In a plague epidemic occurring in a Bombay prison 

 only 2 of 151 vaccinated persons became ill, and neither of these 

 died; whereas, of 177 unvaccinated persons 12 became ill and 6 

 died. In large series of vaccinated people only 1.8 per cent, were 

 infected with plague, with a mortality of 0.4 per cent, for the total, 

 whereas of unvaccinated individuals in the same epidemic 7.7 per 

 cent, fell victim to the disease, with a mortality of 4.7 per cent. 



The German Plague Commission, consisting of Gaffky, Pfeiffer, 

 and Dieudonne, recommended a vaccine of killed agar cultures. 

 Kolle and Otto, 94 basing their earlier results upon experiments car- 

 ried out with monkeys, mice, guinea pigs, and rats, have come to the 

 conclusion that vaccination with dead plague cultures is much in- 

 ferior to that obtained when attenuated living cultures are used. 

 The same conclusion has been reached by Kolle and Strong. 95 Kolle 



91 Kolle. Deutsche med. Woch., 1897, No. 1. 



92 Strong. Journ. Inf. Dis., Vol. 2, 1905. 



93 Haffkine. Bull, de I'Inst. Past., Vol. 4, 1906, No. 20, p. 825. 



94 Kolle and Otto. Deutsche med. Woch., 1903, p. 493, and Zeitschr. f. 

 Hyg., Vol. 45, 1903. 



95 Kolle and Strong. Deutsche med. Woch., XXXII, 1906, p. 413. 



