CONTENTS xiii 



PAGE 



U. S. Hygienic Laboratory method. Chemical concentration of anti- 

 toxic serum. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION IN DIPHTHERIA WITH MIXTURES 

 OF TOXIN AND ANTITOXIN. Behring's work. Use of the method. Results 

 obtained. INTRACUTANEOUS METHOD OF DETERMINING TOXIN AND ANTI- 

 TOXIN VALUES. Principles of the method. Uses. Application of the 

 method to the determination of antitoxin in human beings. TETANUS 

 ANTITOXIN AND ITS STANDARDIZATION. Determination of the unit. 

 ANTITOXIN AGAINST SNAKE POISON. Calmette's work. Differences 

 between cobra and rattlesnake poison. Production of antiserum. PAS- 

 SIVE IMMUNIZATION IN DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA WHICH Do 

 NOT FORM SOLUBLE TOXINS. General consideration of principles in- 

 volved. Difficulties. Serum treatment of epidemic meningitis. Work of 

 Kolle and Wasermann. Experiments of Jochmann. Flexner and Job- 

 ling's experiments. Kesults. Present methods. Streptococcus anti- 

 serum. Differences between various races of streptococci. Marmorek's 

 serum. Work of Aronson, Tavel, Van de Velde and others. Probable 

 manner of action. Serum treatment in pneumonia. Neuf eld's work. 

 Eecent experiments and methods of Cole. Serum treatment of typhoid 

 fever. Earlier experiments. Attempts to produce anti-endotoxin. 

 Principles involved. Immunization with trypsin digested bacteria. 

 Immunization with sensitized bacteria. Prospects of success. Serum 

 treatment of plague. Yersin's attempts. Kolle and Martini's serum. 

 Work of British Plague Commission. Lustig's serum. General results 

 obtained. FACTS CONCERNING ACTIVE PROPHYLACTIC IMMUNIZATION 

 IN MAN. General principles. Typhoid vaccination. Earlier history. 

 Work of Wright, Kolle, and others. Russell's report of vaccination in 

 the United States army. Statistics. Work of Metchnikoff and Bes- 

 redka. Prophylactic immunization against cholera. Methods. Re- 

 sults. Plague vaccination. Difficulties. Methods. Results. Small- 

 pox vaccination. Rabies. Principles and methods of application. 



CHAPTER XX. ABDERHALDEN 's WORK ON PROTECTIVE FERMENTS. MEIO- 



STAGMIN REACTION . 493 



CHAPTER XXI. COLLOIDS, by Professor Stewart W. Young, Stanford Uni- 

 versity, California 499 



Introduction. Definition. Reversible and irreversible colloids. Sta- 

 bility of colloidal systems. Physical properties of colloids. Form and 

 size. Osmotic pressure. Rate of settlement. Brownian movement. 

 Electrical properties of colloids. Surface tension. Chemical properties 

 of colloids. Flocculation of colloids by electrolytes. Salts and acid 

 electrolytes. Influence of concentration. Diffe ence in sensitiveness to 

 electrolytes. Explanation of phenomenon. T] e - " zone-phenomenon. " 

 Mutual reactions of colloids. Mutual floccula ion. Protective action. 

 Theories of interaction. The preparation of colloid solutions. Applica- 

 tions to biology. Living tissues as colloids. Agglutination of bacteria. 

 Analogy to colloid phhenomenon. Electrical charge carried by bacteria. 

 Sensitiveness to light. Danysz phenomena. Conclusions. 



