THERAPEUTIC IMMUNIZATION IN MAN 477 



superior in this respect to the ordinary bactericidal sera prepared by 

 inoculating animals with typhoid bacilli. Kraus and Stenitzer 64 

 have also taken up the study of typhoid immunization from the 

 point of view that the typhoid bacillus produces a true toxin, and that 

 therefore a true antitoxic action could be expected from the sera pro- 

 duced by immunization with typhoid filtrates. It should be noted 

 that, in spite of the most common opinions against this at present, 

 a similar point of view was advanced by MacFadyen, 65 and more 

 recently by Arima. 66 Kraus and Stenitzer 67 immunized horses and 

 goats very highly with extracts of agar cultures and with broth fil- 

 trates by intravenous injection. The serum which they produced in 

 this way not only possessed the ordinary bactericidal action, but, 

 they claimed, neutralized also toxic broth filtrates, not only of the 

 typhoid, but of the paratyphoid bacilli. The serum of Kraus and 

 Stenitzer has been used by a number of observers, among whom are 

 Herz, 68 Forssmann, linger, Russ, and others, and the results are 

 said to be encouraging in early cases. 



Rodet and Lagrifoul 69 immunized horses with living typhoid 

 cultures, and also claim favorable results. 



Mathes, 70 continuing the work of Gottstein after the death of the 

 latter, employed the method of immunizing with the product ob- 

 tained by digesting typhoid bacilli with trypsin. The poison so pro- 

 duced he speaks of as "fermotoxin." Liidke 71 slightly modified the 

 Gottstein-Mathes method by digesting the typhoid bacilli with pepsin 

 and hydrochloric acid, and with the poison so produced immunized 8 

 goats, reenforcing the immunization by the subsequent injection of 

 the bacilli themselves. He claims that 0.05 to 0.1 c. c. of the serum 

 so produced protected animals against five times the lethal dose 

 of the poison. In a small series of human cases treated by this 

 method he reports good results. 



Garbat and Meyer 72 immunized animals with sensitized typhoid 

 bacilli, and claim that the most potent sera for typhoid immunization 

 can be obtained by the combination of sera produced by the injection 

 of sensitized and of unsensitized bacteria. They assert that the 

 typhoid bacillus contains two definite antigens, one particularly as- 



64 Kraus and Stenitzer. Wien. kl. Woch., Vol. 20, 1907, pp. 344 and 753, 

 and Vol. 21, 1908, p. 645. 



65 MacFadyen. Cited from Stenitzer in "Kraus und Levaditi Handbuch," 

 Vol. 2. 



66 Arima. Centralbl. f. Bakt., 65, 1912, p. 183. Orig. 



67 Kraus and Stenitzer. Wien. kl. Woch., Vol. 22, 1909, p. 1395; Deutsche 

 med. Woch., March, 1911. 



68 Herz. Wien. kl. Woch., Vol. 22, 1909, p. 1746. 



69 Rodet and Lagrifoul. C. R. de la Soc. de Biol, April, 1910. 



70 Mathes. D. Archiv f. kl. Med., Vol. 95, 1909. 



71 Liidke. D. Archiv f. kl. Med., 98, 1910. 



72 Garbat and Meyer. Zeitschr. f. exp. Path. u. Ther., Vol. 8, 1911. 



