CONTENTS xi 



PAGE 



CHAPTER IX. THE PHENOMENON OF AGGLUTINATION 218 



Discovery. Applications of clinical methods. Clinical usefulness. Re- 

 lation to motility. Passive role of bacteria. Bordet 's discovery of 

 the importance of electrolytes. Nature of agglutinogen. Alterations 

 by heat. Alterations in agglutinability. Keasons for agglutinability. 

 Specificity. Biological relations between bacteria parallel to agglutin- 

 ins. Castellani's method of absorption. Normal agglutinins. Agglu- 

 tinoids. Inhibition zones. Bordet ; s views. * ' Two-phase ' ' theory. Phys- 

 ical interpretation. The work of Neisser and Friedemann. Acid agglu- 

 tination. Iso-agglutinihs. 



CHAPTER X. THE PHENOMENA OF PRECIPITATION 248 



Discovery. Bacterial filtrates. Expansion of principle to proteins in 

 general. Nature of precipitinogen. Specificity. Quantitative rela- 

 tions in the reaction. Practical uses. Nuttall's studies on precipitins 

 and historical relationship. Forensic uses of the test. Performance 

 of the test as advised by Uhlenhuth. Influence of heat upon precipi- 

 tinogen. Organ specificity. Ehrlich 's view of the nature of the reac- 

 tion. Physical views of the reaction. Presence of precipitinogen and 

 precipitin in same serum. Analogy with colloids of known constitution. 



CHAPTER XI. PHAGOCYTOSIS. CHEMOTAXIS 272 



Early investigations. Metchnikoff 's first studies. Phagocytosis in lower 

 animals. Its significance. Importance in the development from the 

 larva to the adult. Its importance in resorption of degenerated cells. 

 Varieties of phagocytosis. Giant cells. Leucocytosis in response to the 

 presence of bacteria. In the peritoneum. Phagocytosis in tuberculosis. 

 CHEMOTAXIS. Botanical studies. Early studies of Leber. Early studies 

 of Buchner. Methods. Theories of chemotaxis. Importance of surface 

 tension. 



CHAPTER XII. PHAGOCYTOSIS, Continued. THE RELATION OF THE LEUKO- 

 CYTES AND OF PHAGOCYTOSIS TO IMMUNITY 296 



Opsonins and tropins. Metchnikoif 's attempt to establish parallelism 

 between phagocytosis and resistance. Work of his pupils. Metchni- 

 koff 's interpretations. Origin of bactericidal substances from leuko- 

 cytes. ' ' Macrocytase ' ' and microcytase. Metchnikoff 's interpretation 

 of the Pfeiffer phenomenon. Origin of alexin. Leukocytic bactericidal 

 substances. Their nature. Leukocytic ferments. Leukoprotease. Pet- 

 terson's experiments. Leukocytic extract of Hiss. Bordet 's views. 



CHAPTER XIII. PHAGOCYTOSIS, Continued. FACTORS DETERMINING PHAGO- 

 CYTOSIS . 311 



Opsonins. Tropins. Metchnikoff 's conception of stimulins. Work of 

 Denys and his pupils. Other early observations. Work of Wright. 

 Conception of opsonins definitely advanced. Analysis of opsonic action. 

 Normal and immune opsonins. Neuf eld 's opinions. Bacteriotropins. 

 Structure of opsonins. Specific absorption of opsonins. Heat stability 

 of immune opsonins. Relation to other anti-bodies. Relation to alexin. 

 Variations in leukocytes as a factor in opsonic measurements. Resistance 

 to opsonic action on the part of bacteria. Relation to virulence. 



CHAPTER XIV. PHAGOCYTOSIS, Continued. OPSONIC INDEX AND VACCINE 



THERAPY 328 



Wright's work on typhoid immunization. Development of technique for 

 measuring phagocytic activity. The phagocytic index. Opsonic index. 

 Dilution method. Simon and Lamar's method. Accuracy of opsonic 

 index. Wright's work on the staphylococcus infections. Relation of 

 opsonic index to clinical conditions. Negative phase. Summation of 

 negative phase. Summation of positive phase. Clinical value of op- 



