RELATION TO OTHER ANIMALS 167 



when driven off, a wound large enough to bleed a 

 butchery of which no mosquito is ever guilty. The 

 small black flies, usually called "midges," are not con- 

 tent to attack only the exposed parts of the body: 

 they crawl into the ears, the nose, under the clothing 

 at the ankles, wrists or neck, and where a novice goes 



FIG. 72. "Buffalo gnat" or "black fly." 



unprepared into an infested territory, he usually stays 

 there only as long as is absolutely necessary. Even 

 the veteran is sometimes forced to run when he has not 

 provided himself with some repellant substance. Of 

 these "dopes" there are various sorts known to the 

 woodmen, and their basis is usually a cotton-seed or 

 olive oil, with an admixture of oil of tar, oil of penny- 

 royal, menthol or some similar volatile oil. Oil of 

 citionella is in great favor with many and, in my own 



