80 OUTLINES OF ENTOMOLOGY. 



brown, in shape much like that of P. asterias, but is larger and has a 

 more prominent horn projecting forward over the head. The larvae 

 feed on a variety of fruit and shade trees, and are sometimes quite 

 destructive. There are eight or nine North American species of Swal- 

 low-tailed butterflies, besides several quite distinct varieties, all of 

 which are very handsome. 



The Garden Whites or Cabbage butterflies (genus Pieris} include 

 about a half dozen species, among which are found several very serious 

 pests of the vegetable garden. They are of rather small size, expand- 

 ing not more than two inches, and are all of a dingy white with blackish 

 margins and dustings, or are more or less thickly spotted with grayish 

 black. The larvae are slender, cylindrical caterpillars with a rugose or 

 velvety surface, and either plain green or with a striped and checkered 

 pattern in dull green, black, lilac and white. 



The European cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapce, Linn.) was accident- 

 ally introduced into this country about twenty years ago, and has now 

 become naturalized in almost every section, proving very destructive 

 to cabbages, turnips and other cruciferous plants. 



The Sulphur yellows (genus ColiasJ include the medium-sized, gay 

 yellow and black or orange and black butterflies that are so numerous 

 late in spring and early in autumn. Their larvae are of a green color, 

 with a velvety surface, and many of them have a lateral band, com- 

 posed of a line of bright crimson, and one of white, extending from 

 the second to the eleventh segments. They feed upon clover, lucern 

 and other leguminous plants. 



The Browns and Silver Spots composing the family NYMPHALID^E 

 are called the " four-footed " butterflies, from the apparent absence of 

 the front pair of legs. If carefully examined these members are seen 

 to be folded and closely appressed to the breast, and often have the 

 tarsi undeveloped. The majority of these butterflies are of large size 

 and of dark, rich colors, many species being elegantly ornamented on 

 the under side of the wings with silvery spots. The larvae of most 

 species have the surface covered with spines or raised into humps and 

 prominences. The pupae are always suspended by the tail and hang 

 head downward. A few of the chrysalides are smooth and casket- 

 shaped, but the majority are characterized by many angles and projec- 

 tions. Nearly all are "studded with golden or gem-like spots, which 

 disappear or lose their luster shortly before the butterfly emerges. 



The manner in which these pupae contrive to attach themselves to 

 the point of support is a process so interesting that the observer is 

 well repaid for the time expended in watching it. It may be briefly 

 described as follows: The caterpillar, when ready to change, spins a 



