OUTLINES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 



cum oritur ardens, postea radians." Hist. Nat. 

 lib. ii. cap. 16. 



By Lucifer is understood Venus, when seen in 

 the morning before sun-rise. By Vesper, the 

 same planet seen in the evening after sun-set. 



c. The other five planets are visible only through the 

 telescope, and have been lately discovered ; Ura- 

 nus by HERSCHEL, in 1781 ; Ceres by PIAZZI, in 

 1801 5 Pallas by OLBERS, in 1802 ; Juno by 

 HARDING, in 1803; Vesta by OLBERS, in 1807. 



d. The planets have also particular characters, by 

 which they are distinguisded ; these, in the order 

 in which they have been enumerated, are, 



It is best to begin with the inferior planets, and 

 with Venus, as that of which the phenomena are 

 most easily observed. 



154}. Venus, the most brilliant of the planets, 

 always accompanies the sun, never receding from 

 him more than 45, and becoming, as she is on 

 the east or west side, alternately the Evening 

 or the Morning Star. 



a. Venus is the only planet mentioned in the Sacred 

 Writings, and in the most ancient poets, such as 

 HESIOD and HOMER. 



b. The 



