n] 



WOODLAND ASSOCIATIONS 



55 



hazel, sallows, maple, wild roses, ivy, and honeysuckle, 

 following herbaceous species are characteristic : — 



The 



Nephrodium Filix-mas 

 N. spinulosum 

 N. dilatatum 



Aspidium aculeatum (rare) 

 A. angulare (rare) 

 Athyrium Filix-foemina 

 Rumex Acetosa 

 Lychnis dioica 



( = Melandrium rubrum) 

 Stellaria Holostea 

 Aquilegia vulgaris (v. rare) 

 Anemone nemorosa 

 Ranunculus auricomus 

 Fragaria vesca 

 Geum urbanum 

 Vicia sepium 

 V. sylvatica (v. rare) 

 Geranium Robertianum 

 Oxalis Acetosella 

 Mercurialis perennis 

 Viola Riviniana, var. 

 Epilobium montanum 

 Circaea lutetiana 

 Sanicula europaea 

 Conopodium majus 

 Heracleum Sphondylium 

 Primida vulgaris (rare) 



Myosotis sylvatica (local) 



Ajuga reptans 



Prunella vulgaris 



Laraium Galeobdolon 



Stachys sylvatica 



Veronica montana 



Asperula odorata 



Campanula latifolia (rare) 



Lactuca muralis (local) 



Hieracium vulgatum (local) 



H. boreale (local) 



Milium eflfusum (local) 



Poa nemoralis (rare) 



Melica uniflora 



Festuca gigantea 



Bromus ramosus 



Arum maculatum 



Allium ursinum 



Scilla non-scripta 



Paris quadrifolia (v. rare) 



Gagea lutea (v. rare) 



Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus (local) 



Tamus communis 



Neottia Nidus-avis (v. rare) 



Listera ovata (local) 



Helleborine latifolia (rare) 



Orchis mascula (local) 



(3) Dry places with some acidic humus in the 

 upper layers of the soil. The oak is dominant: birches 

 and holly are usually present : the wych elm tends to be 

 uncommon or rare : shrubs, such as hazel and 8al%x capraea, 

 are fairly abundant : ivy, honeysuckle, roses, and brambles 

 tend to be abundant. The ground species with showy 

 flowers are of local occurrence, except the bluebell which is 

 often very abundant, growing in great masses (see figure 5), 

 especially if the soil is not too dry. The typical ground 

 vegetation is that described by Woodhead (1906: 344) as a 

 " meso-Pteridetum," in which the bracken (Pteris aquilina), 

 the bluebell (Scilla non-scripta), and the wood soft-grass (Holcus 

 mollis) occur as social plants (see figure 6). The shade cast 

 by the trees and shrubs is less than in the preceding type of 



