VIIl] 



CULTIVATED LAND: CULTURE ASSOCIATIONS 



203 



The plants in the following list are mostly counted as 

 " weeds " by the farmer. They are most abundant in the fields 

 bordering on the uncultivated land, which are less frequently 

 and less regularly manured than the fields at lower levels. 

 Most of the species are really indigenous to the district, and 

 would perish if the fields in which they occur were manured 

 more systematically. The list contains most of the species of 

 the more upland permanent pastures on the sandstones and 

 shales, although, owing to the manuring, there is no great 

 difference between the permanent pastures of the sandstones 

 and shales and those of the limestones: — 



In drier pastures 



In damper pastures 



*Rumex alpinus 

 Stellaria graminea 

 Ranunculus repens 

 R. bulbosus 

 R. acris 



Saxifraga granulata 

 Alchemilla pratensis 

 Sanguisorba officinalis 

 Trifolium re]^)ens 

 T. pratense 

 Anthriscus sylvestris 

 Heracleum Sphoudylium 

 Conopodium majus 

 Primella vulgaris 

 Ajuga reptans 

 Veronica Chamaedrys 

 Achillaea Ptarmica 

 A. Millefolium 

 Bellis i:)erennis 

 Senecio Jacobaea 

 Hj-pochaeris radicata 

 Leontodon autimmale 

 Taraxacum officinale 

 Holcus lanatus 

 Deschampsia caespitosa 

 Carex ovalis 



*Narcissus Pseudo-narcis.sus 

 *Crocus nudiflorus 



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Near the upper limits of cultivation, the manuring often 

 consists of dressings of lime or of farmyard manure ; and it is 

 only as the lowlands are approached that chemical manuring 

 is freely utilized. 



