INDEX 



233 



Quercus (see Oak) 



Rainfall, 24 



of the moors, 175 

 Rakes, 12, 119 

 Raspberry, 50 

 Reclamation of uncultivated land, 



201 

 Reed swamps, 154 

 Refuse heaps of lead mines and gravel 



mines, 12, 119 

 Reservoirs on the moors, 213 

 Retrogressive associations, 21 



moors, 166, 188 



scrub, 97, 98 

 Rhacomitrium moors, 167 

 River alluvium, 10 



gravels, 13 

 Rocks and screes, 184, 137 



and soils, 5 



Limestone, 134 



Sandstone, 140 

 Rocky Knolls in ash woods, 74 

 Roots, 205 



of moorland plants, 174 

 Rose, Wild, 51 

 Rowan, 50 



Ruderal marsh species, 153 

 Rye, Cultivation of, 205 



Salts, Mineral, 7, 8 



Sand and Humus of peat, 173 



Sandstone cliffs, 140, 182 



rocks and screes, 140 

 Sandstones and shales, 8, 13 



Grassland of the, 106 



Swamps or marshes of the, 146 



Scrub of the, 99 



Woods of the, 46 

 Sandstone rocks, Bryophytes of, 141 

 Sandy soils, 9, 13, 44, 45 

 Scenery, Types of, 3 

 Scirpus moors, 167 

 Screes, Limestone, 137 



Rocks and, 134 



Sandstone, 140 

 Scrub, Altitudinal limit of, 88 



Associations, 88 



Climatic, 89 



Distribution of, 93 



Edaphic, 97 



in other districts, 96 



Kinetic, 97 



Limestone, 97 



to grassland, Degeneration of, 94 



of sandstone and shales, 99 



Origin of, 91, 94, 98 



Progressive, 97, 98 



Retrogressive, 97, 98 



Static, 97 



Types of, 95, 97 

 Seasonal aspects of associations, 20 

 Seeds, Difficulties of germination of, 

 92, 93 



of Ash, Germination of, 67 



beech, Germination of, 49 



elm, Germination of, 50 



heather. Germination of, 179 

 Shade on the ground vegetation, In- 

 fluence of, 58 

 Shale, 8, 13 

 Shrubs of ash woods, Trees and, 69 



oak woods. Trees and, 47 

 Siliceous grassland, 104, 105, 106 



and moorland. Relationships of, 187 

 Siliceous soils, 8 



Associations of, 133, 215 



Relationships of the plant forma- 

 tions of, 196 

 Silicion, 217 

 Sloe, 51 

 Smoke, 25 



Injurious effects of, 26 

 Society, CompUmentary, 73 

 Societies, Plant, 19 

 Soil, Acidic, 37 



Alkaline, 37 



Basic, 37 



Chemical nature of the, 43 



Depth of the, 43, 173 

 Soils and their characteristic plants, 13 



associations of siliceous and cal- 

 careous, 133 



and Vegetation, 12, 13 



Dysgeogynous, 73 



non-calcareous or siliceous, 8, 12, 

 14 



of the district, 12 



of the sandstones and shales, 43 



Rocks and, 5 

 Species of acidic peaty soils, 14 



alder-willow thickets, 59 



arable land, 207 



ash woods, 79 



bilberry moors, 182, 197 



birch woods, 62 



calcareous soils, 14 



calcareous grassland, 127 



calcareous waters, 157, 160 



cotton grass moor, 186, 197 



Heather moors, 179, 180, 197 



Juncus swamps, 149 



mixed siliceous grassland, 112 



moor formation, 197 



non-calcareous waters, 157, 160 



oak woods of Quercus sessilifiora, 

 79 

 Species of permanent pasture, 202, 203 



reed swamps, 155 



scrub on hmestone, 99 



