76 BIOLOGY AND THE STATE H 



Besides , the professor, each institute has attached to 

 it, with salaries paid by the State, two qualified assist- 

 ants, who in course of time will succeed to independ- 

 ent positions. A liberal allowance is also made to 

 each institute by the State for the purchase of instru- 

 ments, material for study, and for the pay of servants, 

 so that the total expenditure on professor, assistants, 

 laboratory service, and maintenance, averages £800 a 

 year for each institute — reaching as much as £2000 

 or £3000 a year in the larger universities. It is the 

 business of the professor, in conjunction with his as- 

 sistants and the advanced students, who are admitted 

 to work in the laboratories free of charge, to carry on 

 investigations, to create neiv knowledge in the several 

 domains of physiology, zoology, anatomy, pathology, 

 and botany. It is for this that the professor receives 

 his stipend, and it is on his success in this field of 

 labour that his promotion to a more important or 

 better paid post in another university depends. In 

 addition to and irrespectively of this part of his duties, 

 each professor is charged with the delivery of courses 

 of lectures and of elementary instruction to the general 

 students of the university, and for this he is allowed 

 to charge a certain fee to each student, which he re- 

 ceives himself ; the total of such fees may, in the case 

 of a largely attended university and a popular subject, 

 form a very important addition to the professorial 

 income ; but it is distinctly to be understood that such 

 payment by fees is only an addition to the professor's 



tlieir representatives in England, I think that we are justified in 

 making this estimate. 



