80 BIOLOGY AND THE STATE n 



discovery in physiology, minute anatomy, and embry- 

 ology, will admit that the opportunities afforded to 

 these men have not been wasted ; they have, as the 

 result of the position in which they have been placed, 

 produced abundant and most valuable work, and 

 have, in addition, trained younger men to carry on 

 the same line of activity. It was here, too, in the 

 College de France, that the great genius of Claude 

 Bernard found the necessary conditions for its de- 

 velopment. 



Let us now see how many and what kind of 

 institutions there are in England devised so as to 

 promote the making of new knowledge in biological 

 science. Most persons are apt to be deceived in this 

 matter by the fact that the terms "university," 

 "professorship," and "college" are used very freely 

 in England in reference to institutions which have no 

 pecuniary resources whatever, and which, instead of 

 corresponding to the German arrangements which go 

 by these names, are empty titles, neither backed by 

 adequate subsidy of the State nor by endowment from 

 private sources. 



In England, with its 25,000,000 inhabitants, there 

 are only four universities which possess endowments 

 and professoriates — viz. Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, 

 and the Victoria (Owens College). Besides these, 

 which are variously and specially organised each in its 

 own way, there are the London Colleges (University 

 and King's), the Normal School of Science at South 

 Kensington, and various provincial colleges, which 

 are to a small and varying extent in possession of 



