11 BIOLOGY AND THE STATE 83 



It would not be fair to reckon in this comparison 

 the various biological professorships in small colleges 

 recently created, and paid to a small extent by stipends 

 derived from endowments, in the provincial towns of 

 England, for the holders of these chairs are called upon 

 to teach a variety of subjects, for instance, zoology, 

 botany, and geology combined ; and not only is the 

 devotion of the energies of their teaching staff to 

 scientific discovery not contemplated in the arrange- 

 ment of these institutions, but, as a matter of fact, the 

 large demands made on the professors in the way of 

 teaching must deprive them of the time necessary for 

 any serious investigation. Such posts, in the fact that 

 neither time, assistants, nor proper laboratories are 

 provided to enable their holders to engage in scientific 

 research, are schoolmasterships rather than professor- 

 ships, as the word is used in German universities. 

 (See Appendix C.) 



One result of the exceedingly small provision of 

 positions in England similar to those furnished by the 

 German university system, and of the irregular, un- 

 certain character of many of those which do exist, is 

 that there is an insufficient supply of young men willing 

 to enter upon the career of zoologist, botanist, j^hysiolo- 

 gist, or pathologist as a profession. The number of 

 posts is too small to create a profession, i.e. an avenue 

 of success; and consequently, whereas in Germany 

 there is always a large body of new men ready to fill 

 up the vacancies as they occur in the professorial 

 organisation, in England it very naturally does not 

 appear to our university students as a reasonable thing 



