88 BIOLOGY AXD THE STATE H 



the pockets of needy students, who have a reasonable 

 rio-lit to demand, in return for their fees, a full modi- 

 cum of instruction and direction in study. 



In the German universities, the professor receives 

 a stipend which provides for him as an investigator. 

 He also gives lectures, for which he charges a fee, but 

 no student is compelled to attend those lectures as 

 a condition of obtaining his degree. Accordingly, 

 independent teachers can, and do, compete with 

 the professor in providing for the student's require- 

 ments in the matter of instruction. As a consequence, 

 the fees charged for teaching are exceedingly small, 

 and the student can feel assured that he is obtaining 

 his money's worth for his money. He is not com- 

 pelled to pay any fee to any teacher as a condition of 

 his promotion to the university degree. In a German 

 university, if the professor in a given subject is in- 

 competent, or the class overcrowded, the student can 

 take his fee to a private teacher, and get better 

 teaching; all that is required of the candidate, as 

 a condition of his promotion to the Doctor's degree, 

 is that he shall satisfy the examination-tests imposed 

 by the faculty, and produce an original thesis. 



Unless there be some such compelling influence as 

 that obtaining in the Scotch universities, enabling the 

 would-be researcher to gather to him pupils and fees 

 without fear of competition, it seems impossible that 

 he should gain an income by teaching whilst reserving 

 to himself time and energy for the pursuit of scientific 

 inquiry. It is thus seen that the necessity of endow- 

 ment, in some form or another, to make provision for 



