310 THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY IX 



structure in themselves (Morphology) from the study 

 of what are the activities and functions of the forms 

 and structures (Physiology). Such logical divisions 

 are possible upon a variety of bases, but are not neces- 

 sarily conducive to the ascertainment and remem- 

 brance of the historical progress and present signifi- 

 cance of the science to which they are applied. As a 

 matter of convenience and as the outcome of historical 

 events it happens that in the universities of Europe, 

 whilst Botany in its entirety is usually represented by 

 one chair, the animal side of Biology is represented by 

 a chair of so-called Zoology, which is understood as the 

 old-fashioned systematic Zoology, a chair of human and 

 comparative Anatomy, and a chair of Physiology 

 (signifying the mechanics, physics, and chemistry of 

 animals especially in relation to man). Fifty years 

 ago the chairs of Anatomy and Physiology were united 

 in one. No such distinction of mental activities as 

 that involved in the division of the study of animal 

 life into Morphology and Physiology has ever really 

 existed : the investigator of animal forms has never 

 entirely ignored the functions of the forms studied by 

 him, and the experimental inquirer into the functions 

 and properties of animal tissues and organs has always 

 taken very careful account of the forms of those tissues 

 and organs. 



A more instructive subdivision of the science of 

 animal Biology or Zoology is one which shall corre- 

 spond to the separate currents of thought and mental 

 preoccupation which have been historically manifested 

 in western Europe in the gradual evolution of what is 



