312 THE HISTOEY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY IX 



microscope ; exemplified by Malpiglii, Hook, 

 Schwann, Kowalewsky, and Metschnikofi". 

 5. Philosophical Zoology. — General conceptions 

 with regard to the relations of living things 

 (especially animals) to the universe, to man, 

 and to the Creator, their origin and signifi- 

 cance : exemplified in the writings of the 

 philosophers of classical antiquity, and of 

 Linnaeus, Goethe, Lamarck, Cuvier, Lyell, 

 H. Spencer, and Darwin. 

 It is true that it is impossible to assign the great 

 names of the present century to a single one of the 

 subdivisions of the science thus recognised. With 

 men of an earlier date such special assignment is pos- 

 sible, and there would be no difiiculty about thus 

 separating the minor specialists of modern times. 

 But the fact is that as we approach Darwin's epoch 

 we find the separate streams more and more freely 

 connected with one another by anastomosing branches. 

 The men who have left their mark on the progress of 

 science have been precisely those who have been in- 

 strumental in bringing about such confluence, and 

 have distinguished themselves by the influence of 

 their discoveries or generalisations upon several lines 

 of work. At last, in Darwin we find a name which 

 might appear in each of our subdivisions, — a zoologist 

 to whose doctrine all are contributory, and by whose 

 labours all are united and reformed. 



We shall now briefly sketch the history of these 

 streams of thought, premising that one has (so far as 

 the last three centuries are concerned) but little start 



