IX THE HISTOHY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY 317 



in his definitions of larger groups, and may thus be 

 considered as the father of modern Zoology. Associ- 

 ated with Ray in his work, and more especially 

 occupied with the study of the AYorms and MoUusca, 

 was Martin Lister (1638-1712), who is celebrated also 

 as the author of the first geological map. 



After Eay's death in London in 1705 the progress 

 of anatomical knowledge, and of the discovery and 

 illustration of new forms of animal life from distant 

 lands, continued with increasing vigour. We note 

 the names of Vallisnieri (1661-1730) and Alexander 

 Monro (1697-1767) ; the travellers Tournefort (1656- 

 1708) and Shaw (1692-1751); the collectors Eumphius 

 (1637-1706) and Hans Sloane (1660-1753); the 

 entomologist Eeaumur (1683-1757); Lhwyd (1703) 

 and Linck (1674-1734), the students of Star-Fishes; 

 Peyssonel (b. 1694) the investigator of Polyps and 

 the opponent of Marsigli and Reaumur, who held them 

 to be plants; Woodward, the palaeontologist (1665- 

 1722), — not to speak of others of less importance. 



Two years after Ray's death Carl Linnaeus was 

 born. Unlike Jacob Theodore Klein, the town-clerk 

 of Dantzig (1685-1759), whose careful treatises on 

 various groups of plants and animals were published 

 during the period between Ray and Linnaeus, the 

 latter had his career marked out for him in a univer- 

 sity, that of Upsala, where he was first professor of 

 medicine and subsequently of natural history. His 

 lectures formed a new departure in the academic 

 treatment of Zoology and Botany, which, in direct 

 continuity from the Middle Ages, had hitherto been 



