326 THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF ZOOLOGY IX 



Class IX. Annelida. 



Orders : Apoda, Antennata, Sedentaria. 

 Class X. CmRiPEDiA. 



Orders : Sessilia, Pedunculata. 



Class XI. CONCHIFEEA. 



Orders : Dimyaria, Monomyaria. 

 Class XII. MoLLUSCA. 



Orders : Pteropoda, Gasteropoda^ Trachelipoda, Ce- 

 2)halop)oda^ Heteropoda. 



Vertebrata. 



3. Intelligent Animals. 



Class XIII. Fishes. Class XV. Birds. 



„ XIV. Reptiles. „ XVI. Mammals. 



The enumeration of orders above given will enable 

 the reader to form some conception of the progress of 

 knowledge relating to the lower forms of life during 

 the fifty years which intervened between Linnaeus and 

 Lamarck. The number of genera recognised by 

 Lamarck is more than ten times as great as that 

 recorded by Linnaeus. 



We have mentioned Lamarck before his great con- 

 temporary Cuvier because, in spite of his valuable philo- 

 sophical doctrine of development, he was, as compared 

 with Cuvier and estimated as a systematic zoologist, 

 a mere enlargement and logical outcome of Linnaeus. 



The distinctive merit of Cuvier is that he started 

 a new view as to the relationships of animals, which 

 he may be said in a large measure to have demon- 

 strated as true by his own anatomical researches. He 

 opposed the scala naturw theory, and recognised four 

 distinct and divergent branches or emhrancliemens, as 

 he called them, in each of which he arranged a certain 

 number of the Linnaean classes, or similar classes. 

 The emhranchemens were characterised each by a dif- 



